,Occidozyga berbeza,Occidozyga lima,Phrynoglossus baluensis,Phrynoglossus celebensis,Phrynoglossus diminutivus,Phrynoglossus floresianus,Phrynoglossus laevis,Phrynoglossus magnapustulosus,Phrynoglossus martensii,Phrynoglossus myanhessei,Phrynoglossus semipalmatus,Phrynoglossus sumatranus,Phrynoglossus swanbornorum,Phrynoglossus tompotika
SVL range,16-19 mm,11.3-44 mm,15-35 mm,27-33 mm,14-29 mm,large; 52.6 mm (head+body),21-55 mm,16-21.3 mm,21.04 mm ± 2.57,22.00-31.27 mm,30.66 mm ± 3.65; 22.8-40.9 mm,20-61.6 mm,23.2-30.6 mm,"34.1 ± 2.12 mm, range 28.3-36.5 mm"
Adult male SVL,16-18 mm,19-37 mm,15-25 mm,27 mm,14-24 mm,not reported,21-38 mm,17-21.3 mm,18-30 mm; 26 mm in males,22.00–27.35 (24.06±1.65),20-31 mm,20-31 mm,23.2-28.6 mm ,males are slightly smaller compared to females
Adult female SVL,18-19 mm,26-44 mm,25-35 mm,33 mm,22-29 mm,not reported,31.6-55 mm,17–24 mm,22-45 mm; 33 mm in females ,28.38–31.27 (29.67±1.15),35-48 mm,35-61.6 mm,30.6 mm,not reported
Hindlimb,"short (27.4, 150.5 % SVL), heavy, slightly more than three times length of forelimb; tibia (8.9, 48.7% SVL) slightly longer than foot (8.4, 46.0 % SVL); heels not touching when limbs held at right angles to body",see Bogisich (2019) or Koehler et al. (2021) for detailed measurements,0.46-0.57 of SVL,the tibia is two and a half times in the length of head and body; hindleg 43 mm; foot 14 mm,39 mm,length of the lower leg slightly less than half the head + trunk length; foreleg 29.0 mm; hind leg 82.0 mm; feet 25.0 mm,leg 40-49.5 mm; tibia 14-17 mm; foot and tarsus 17-21.5 mm; see Bogisich (2019) for detailed measurements,"leg, 22.5 mm; tibia, 7 mm; foot, 7.7 mm; see Bogisich (2019) for detailed measurements","femur 11 mm, tibia 11 mm, leg 36 mm; foot and tarsus 17 mm; Hindlimbs robust and comparatively short, more than three times the length of the forelimb; see Bogisich (2019) for detailed measurements",not reported,see Iskandar (2011) for detailed measurements,tibia 0.41-0.51 of SVL,see this study for detailed measurements,see Iskandar (2011) for detailed measurements
Head,"truncate, longer than wide; males have relatively wider heads (38.7–41.4 % of SVL) than females (35.7–38.7 % SVL)",small; see Bogisich (2019) for detailed measurements,small; width 0.29-0.37 of  SVL,a little broader than long; breadth of head 12 mm,"short, small, slightly longer than broad",head wider than long; head length: 17.1 mm; head width: 17.5 mm; head height 9.6 mm;,"flattened, small; somewhat broader than long; width of head 12-14.2 mm; length of head 11.4-12 mm; see Bogisich (2019) for detailed measurements",head width O.371 of SVL; wider than long; see Bogisich (2019) for detailed measurements,"flattened in profile, oval outline; width of head 9-10 mm; length of head 9-10 mm; wider than long (Taylor, 1958); longer than wide (HL 9.37 mm, HW 7.88 mm) (Hecht et al., 2013); see Bogisich (2019) for detailed measurements","head broad, about as wide as long, ratio HL/HW 1.06",a little broader than long,small,see this study for detailed measurements,head slightly longer than wide
Snout,"tip rounded in doral and lateral outline, scarcely projecting beyond lower jaw",short triangular snout,"obtusely or moderately pointed, shorter than diameter of orbit; rounded",rounded as long as the upper eyelid,"short, blunt, rounded, truncate","rounded nose, protruding somewhat, as long as the horizontal eye diameter","oval, not or only slightly projecting beyond lower jaw, rounded in lateral profile, length 3.65 mm - about as long as eye",broadly ovaled,"short triangular snout; length of snout 4 mm; rounded in dorsal view and truncate in profile, slightly projecting beyond lower jaw; very flat","snout nearly rounded in dorsal view, projecting beyond lower jaw, rounded in profile","rounded, short, as long as the upper eyelid",not reported,"snout slightly projecting, triangular in ventral aspect, and smaller than horizontal diameter of eye","rounded in profile, eyes about equal to length of snout"
Canthus rostralis,broadly rounded,indistinct; absent,"absent (Boulenger, 1896); rounded (Inger, 1966)",absent,"indistinct, rounded",absent,absent,absent,indistinct; absent,rounded,absent,"broadly rounded and indistinct (Inger, 1966); absent (Peters 1877)",rounded,straight from above and rounded in profile
Loreal region (lores),"vertical, slightly concave",slightly concave,oblique,oblique,not reported,oblique sloping,"broadly oblique, rounded",slightly convex,"oblique, slightly concave",not reported,oblique,sloping,slightly convex,concave
Vomerine teeth,absent,absent,absent,absent,absent,absent,absent,absent,absent,absent,absent,not reported,absent ,absent
Single tooth-like process/projection at the tip of the mandible,present,present,not reported,not reported,present,not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,absent,present,"present (Inger and Stuebing, 2017), absent (Iskandar, 1998)",absent,present
Tongue ,"rounded posteriorly, narrow, rear margin entire, without papilla","pointed behind, extensively free behind","rounded or feebly nicked behind, free in its posterior third only; usually emarginate","not rounded (Iskandar et al., 2011), Rounded or feebly nicked behind, free in its posterior third only (Smith, 1931); tongue oval, rounded behind (Smith, 1927)","very slightly notched, very small, narrow, without tubercular papilla on tip","notched (Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011); Rounded or feebly nicked behind, free in its posterior third only (Smith, 1931); Tongue rounded at the back as with [Occidozyga] laevis, but much wider (Mertens, 1927)","rounded, oval, not notched posteriorly, elongated, free in its posterior third only and somewhat on sides","rounded; unnotched tongue a little longer than wide; free posteriorly for more than a fourth of its length, and free laterally and posteriorly","tongue rounded behind without notch, oval, connected with the throat except for the most posterior portion","tongue fleshy, rounded, without notch","adherent to the mouth floor for about 50% of its length in O. semipalmata, tongue rounded behind as in O. laevis but larger",sometimes very feebly notched ,single lobed and rounded,"tongue completely rounded, no median notch behind, and fixed to the floor of mouth for about 70% of its length at the middle so that the margins are still free"
Nostrils,"dorsally oriented, raised, slightly nearer to anterior margin of upper eyelid (1.0, 5.5 % SVL) than to tip of snout (1.2, 6.6 % SVL)","upwards, slightly raised",equally distant from the eye and the tip of the snout;,midway between the eyes and the tip of the snout,laterally oriented,nostril from the tip of the snout as far as from the front of the eye,vertical; farther from each other than from the eyes; closer to anterior tip of snout than to eye,"slightly elevated, lateral; situated about equal distance from the eye and the median point on edge of upper lip","a little nearer corner of the eye than to anterior median point on snout; surrounded my distinct swelling; oval, with dorso-lateral orientation, located closer to the tip of the snout than to eye (N-EL/SVL ratio 6.3%)","nostril dorsolateral, closer to tip of snout than eye",midway between the eyes and tip of snout ,vertically,"rounded, lateral; nostril is closer to tip of snout than to eye","lateral; nostrils slightly below canthus rostralis, closer to tip of snout than to eye"
Pupil and eye size,"eye moderate, length (2.7, 15.1 % SVL) nearly three times eye-nostril distance, larger than snout length (2.2, 12.1 % SVL)","pupil is diamond shaped, bordered with yellow; iris beige or brown",pupil is ovoid,not reported,not reported,not reported,eyes 3.6 mm,diamond shaped; larger than snout (measured mesially); 2.2 mm,"pupil is ovoid; iris grayish with copper tint and dark radiating streaks; diameter of eye 4 mm; eyes comparatively large (EL/SVL ratio 11.7%); slightly protuberant in dorsal and lateral view, eye length about as large as snout length (EL/SL ratio 96.3%) and longer than the interorbital distance (EL/IOD ratio 150%); ",ovoid; EYD/SVL 0.12,not reported,pupil is diamond,"pupil is ovoid when dilated, diamond when constricted",pupil is ovoid/horizontal; iris is dark brown with indistinct reticulation
Eye orientation,lateral,vertical,lateral,vertical,lateral,lateral,vertical,lateral,lateral,lateral,lateral,vertical,lateral,lateral 
Upper eyelid texture,eyelid with small tubercles,"covered with numerous round warts, young with upper eyelids that are heavily tuberculate",not reported,not reported,one or two small pustules,not reported,width of upper eyelid greater than interorbital width,not reported,covered with a few indistinct round warts,not reported,not reported,not reported,no warts; eyelids are slightly darker than the other part of the head,not reported
Interorbital region,"distance much narrower (1.1, 5.9 % SVL), than width of upper eyelid (1.8, 9.6 % SVL) and internarial distance","very narrow, much narrower than the upper eyelid","as broad as the upper eyelid; narrower than upper eyelid (Inger, 1966)",not reported,not reported,"interorbital space narrower than an upper eyelid, about 2/3 the size of the internasal",interorbital distance equal to or less than the width of the eyelid,"slightly greater than, or equal to width of eyelid","width of eyelid greater than inter-orbital distance; 2 mm; interorbital distance wider than internarial distance (IND/IOD ratio 65.0%), about three times wider than upper eyelid (UEW/IOD ratio 84.3%); slightly convex",IOD (2.12) greater than width of upper eyelid (1.94),narrower than the upper eyelid,distance between the eyes is about the same or narrower than the width of the eyelid,interorbital region flat and smaller than either the upper eyelid and internarial distance,not reported
Internasal distance,"distance (1.6, 8.7 % SVL) longer than distance from nostril to eye",subequal to distance between upper eyelids,not reported,twice the interorbital space which is much narrower than the upper eyelid,not reported,not reported,not reported,equal to or very slightly less than median length of snout,larger than distance between nostrils and eye,1.92 mm,nearly twice the inter-orbital space,not reported,internarial distance greater than interorbital distance but less than upper eyelid,not reported
Tympanum,hidden or only anterior rim visible,"indistinct, hidden, very large",hidden; 1/2 to 3/5 eye diameter,hidden,hidden only anterior rim slight visible,hidden,"hidden, dimly visible and a little more than half the diameter of the eye, 2.1 mm",covered with skin but moderately distinct; diameter 1.5 mm,"small, indistinct; covered by skin but most of the outline distinct separated from eye by a distance equal to about half the diameter of the tympanum; round, two thirds the diameter of the eye; large (Taylor, 1958); ","concealed, slightly depressed relative to skin of temporal region, tympanic rim weakly elevated relative to tympanum; ratio TYD/EYD 0.42",hidden,hidden,"small, indistinct, and rounded",tympanic annulus hidden under skin and completely covered under temporal musculature
Supratympanic fold ,"present, running in straight line from eye to insertion of arm",indistinct; granulated,distinct,from shoulder to eye,present; straight skin fold from posterior corner of eye to insertion of arm,not reported,present,present from corner of eye behind and partly across tympanum to above arm insertion,"sharp and distinct (Gawor et al., 2016); beginning at posterior corner of eye passes down and back diagonally across tympanum to near arm (Taylor, 1962); weakly developed (Hecht et al., 2013)",glandular supratympanic fold from posterior edge of upper eyelid along upper margin of tympanum and then obliquely down to shoulder,not reported,indistinct,distinct and transverses interorbitally at the posterior edge of the eye,"distinct; extending from slightly below the middle part of eye, curving straight down to dorsal part of fore limb and not looping above the position of the tympanic annulus as usually seen in most frogs"
Vocal sacs ,"internal, subgular; a small opening very close to jaw at left corner of mouth","internal vocal sac, with folds on throat","paired, sublingual, with round openings near the commissures of the jaws",not reported,males with two internal subgular vocal sacs; the openings small and very close to the jaw at the corners of the mouth,not reported,"median, subgular, internal with somewhat elongated openings",vocal openings are present in front of each corner of the mouth,"internal vocal sac, with folds on throat",not reported,not reported,not reported,"single, median, internal, subgular",paired vocal sac with openings at inner side of mouth corner near end of jaws
Finger tips and discs,"rounded, lacking discs","no disc, fingers pointed","short, no disc; digits with discs (Smith, 1931)","tips conical; tips of fingers bluntly pointed; digits with discs (Smith, 1931) ","no disks or very slightly dilated, rounded","very clear, flattened fingers disks; larger finger disks than O. semipalmata","digits with discs, terminal phalanx blunt at tip; swollen a little",not reported,"rounded tips; very small, flattened terminal discs on tips of digits; ","rounded, not expanded into discs",flattened fingers disks; smaller than toe disks,conical tip,tips rounded and without discs,"wide, truncated, and flattened tips; equal in size to toe disks"
Relative finger lengths,"II<I<IV<III; first, second, and fourth fingers subequal",I and II subequal to equal,I≤II,II and IV<III or sometimes II=III=IV,I=II=IV<III,II<I<IV,"II≤I (Bourret, 1942; Inger, 1954); I<II (Taylor, 1962); II<III, IV<III",II<I,II=IV<I<III,II<IV<I<III,I<II=IV,"II≤1, III<IV", IV<II<I<III ,II<I<IV<III
Metacarpal webbing,"unwebbed, with weak fringes of skin along inner and outer sides","unwebbed, remnant",similar to O. tompotika by having reduced webbing to the same extent,not reported,no finger webbing,not reported,"unwebbed; second and third fingers with partial fringe, most distinct on second and on both sides;",remnant of webs present between fingers; webbing is most developed between first and second fingers; the edges of the digits not or but slightly ridged on sides,unwebbed or remnant of web,absent,not reported,not reported,unwebbed,more than O. semipalmata
Nuptial spines/pads,present; covers the medial surface of the first finger from its base to the last phalanx,indistinct on medial and dorsal surfaces of the first finger,"yellowish, covers the dorsal and medial surfaces of the first finger from its base to the beginning of the terminal phalanx",not reported,present; covers the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the first finger up to the last phalanx,not reported,"extending from the last joint of the finger to the wrist covers the entire dorsal and median surfaces of the first finger, sometimes present in females",nuptial pad is well developed on the first finger,present,not reported,not reported,not reported,present,not reported
Finger subarticular tubercles,"prominent, oval","prominent, pointed (fingers or toes not specified)",not reported,not reported,"subarticular tubercles nearest palm well defined, outer ones less strongly defined",larger on fingers than toes and almost circular,"proximal subarticular tubercles moderately well developed, small, and distinct; prominent at base of each finger",well-developed; four,"rounded; oval and prominent; formula: 1, 1, 2, 2",distinct,not reported,not reported,"well developed, rounded","distinct; extending from slightly below the middle part of eye, curving straight down to dorsal part of fore limb and not looping above the position of the tympanic annulus as usually seen in most frogs"
Distal subarticular tubercles on fingers III and IV,not reported,absent,not reported,not reported,less strongly defined,not reported,on third and fourth fingers obsolete,not reported,absent,not reported,not reported,not reported,present,not reported
Inner palmar tubercle(s),two small palmar tubercles on metacarpal region,"small, rounded, prominent on base of metacarpus",not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,"two prominent, oval palmar tubercles",small distinct tubercles the inner and outer a little more distinct,"small, oval, on base of metacarpus","palmar tubercle distinct, bifid",not reported,not reported,"present, singular",hands with two palmar tubercles
Relative toes lengths,I<V<II<III<IV,"(III, V) <IV",not reported,not reported,not reported,V<III,not reported,not reported,I<II<III<V<IV,I<II<V<II<IV,V<III,I<II,I<V<II<III<IV ,I<II<V<III<IV
Metatarsal webbing,"First and second toes webbed to discs; web margins smooth, not crenulate, formula I 1–1 II 1–1 III 1–21/2 IV 3–11/2 V; transparent",extensive webbing to tips,"moderate, three-fourths webbed; see detailed description in Inger (1966)",fully webbed,toes about two-thirds webbed; the membrane reaching disk of first and second toes on the outer side and to near disk on the inner edge of fifth; third broadly webbed to distal subarticular tubercle on outer side,all toes fully webbed up to the flattened tips,"toes five-sixths webbed (Taylor, 1962); with fully webbed toes/completely webbed to disks (Alcala and Brown, 1998; Inger, 1954)",web extending to tip of toes; no deep incision; 4/5 webbed,"2/3 webbed; three-fourths to four-firths webbed; webs somewhat incised between digits; completely webbed to discs (Poyarkov, 2020); more strongly notched webbings between toes than in O. laevis; fully webbed except toes IV and V","feet almost fully webbed, webbing formula I 0.8–0.8 II 0.8–0.8 III 0.8–0.9 IV 0.9–0.8 V","incomplete; two-thirds webbed; webbing on the first and second toes extend to the base of tips; on the outer side of the third toe, the webbing is also starting from the base of the tip, but deeply excised; the fourth toe has the last two phalanges free from extensive webbing although the web starts from the last penultimate phalange so that practically the last phalange is free from extensive webbing and so is the fifth toe; in some cases toes are only half-webbed ",toes fully webbed to disc,moderate,"half webbed toes; webbing on the first and second toes extend to the base of tips; all toes webbed to base of penultimate phalange except the fourth toe, which is webbed up to the position of second subarticular tubercle"
Toe tips and discs,"toe tips with pear-shaped disks, that of second toe wider, and fifth toe narrower than other disks","tips rounded or dilated into discs, slightly less pointed than the fingers",tiny flattened toe disks,"small disks; tips smaller than O. sumatrana; digits with discs (Smith, 1931); at most with conical tips (Matsui et al. 2021)","tips flattened, slightly swollen toe disks","clear, flattened toe disks larger than discs of fingers; much larger than in (Occidozyga) laevis; their diameter is usually larger than 1/3 of the horizontal eye diameter","toes rather elongate (Taylor, 1962), digital tips forming somewhat elongate discs with deep groove dividing its upper surface (Taylor, 1962), blunt at tip; short toes (Alcala and Brown, 1998); toe tips smaller than O. sumatrana; distinct round disks larger than those of fingers (Inger, 1954); no disks on toes (Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011); end in discs (Bourett, 1942)","slight development of terminal discs, blunt tips, lacking marked discs",terminal discs not or scarcely larger than fingers;  tips of terminal toe phalanges slightly widened into rounded pads; (3FDD/4TDD ratio 57.1%); tips of toes with small terminal discs,"rounded, slightly expanded into discs","tips flattened, slightly swollen toe tips, larger discs than fingers","toe discs small (Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011); distinct enlarged digital disc (Iskandar, 1998); round tips","tips rounded, toe discs feebly developed","truncated, flat disk; equal in size to finger disks, also with wide flattened tips"
Circummarginal groove,not reported,absent,absent in toe disks,not reported,absent,absent,absent,not reported,absent,not reported,not reported,absent,absent,"absent on finger disks, present on toe discs"
Toe subarticular tubercles,"subarticular tubercles prominent, oval","two, inner is larger and oval, outer is subconical; prominent, pointed (fingers or toes not specified)",very feebly developed,small,present,small,small,well-developed; four,"small, round and prominent, subarticular tubercle formula: 1, 1, 2, 3, 2",not reported,small,present,"present, rounded","present, at least two"
Inner metatarsal tubercle,"inner metatarsal tubercle compressed (1.0, 5.5 % SVL), about half length of first toe (2.1, 11.5 % SVL); smaller in males (males: 4.6–5.4 % SVL; females: 5.5–5.9 % SVL)",weakly projecting and partially attached,"feebly prominent elliptical; oval, one half length of first toe","oval, one-third the length of inner toe","strong, prominent, elongate","oval, compressed, 1/3 as long as that first toe; tubercles on toes are small","single tubercle on metatarsus, strongly compressed; large, compressed, elevated inner metatarsal tubercle; smaller than in O. martensii; half the length of the inner toe","well-defined, some-what compressed, elongated","a large projecting shovel like tubercle more than half length of first toe (IMTL/1TOEL ratio 85.7%); semicircular, oval","large, flap-like inner metatarsal tubercle","oval, one-third the length of inner toe",smaller and more strongly compressed than O. martensii,"elongated and compressed, present at base of 1st toe;","single on foot flattened, its length slightly greater than its distance to the base of the widened toe tip"
Outer metatarsal tubercle,usually absent or minute,present,usually present and small,absent,absent,absent,"single, indistinct, very small, at end of fold along outer edge of fifth finger",very tiny ,barely visible,"outer metatarsal tubercle not differentiated, but rather two tiny tubercles present in that area",absent,not reported,absent,not reported
Tarsal tubercle,not reported,present,not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,absent,not reported,not reported,not reported,absent,not reported
Other tubercles,not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,"flat, indistinct carpal tubercles",not reported,two distinct metacarpal tubercles,"three palmar tubercles, a very tiny outer tubercle situated at the terminus of a slight pustular ridge along the outer toe",accessory palmar tubercles present; supernumerary tubercles absent; intercalary tubercles present,"thenar tubercle large, about twice the size of palmar tubercle",not reported,not reported,subarticular tubercles in toe present and rounded,enlarged thenar tubercle at the dorsal surface of first finger; rounded inner and elongated outer metacarpal tubercle; no supernumerary metacarpal tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct on hand
Fringe of skin on metatarsals,present along inner side of first toe and outer side of fifth toe and metatarsal segment of foot,not reported,not reported,not reported,present on outer side of fifth metatarsal,poorly developed on outer side of fifth metatarsal,"along inner side of first toe and metatarsal and one along outer edge of fifth toe and metatarsal (Inger, 1954) ",present,a slight ridge of skin on outer edge of outer toe,a well-developed flap of skin on postaxial side of Toe V from level of outer metatarsal tubercle to distal subarticular tubercle,present on outer side of fifth metatarsal; feeble,fringe of skin on outer edge of fifth toe,absent,not reported
Tarsal fold,present,"long, distinct",not reported,not reported,not reported,very weak,well-defined inner tarsal fold half length of tarsus; an indistinct outer fold suggested also; short,"short, extending half the length of tarsus","short; small, distinct (Taylor, 1962); absent (Andersson, 1942; Taylor, 1958)",strong fold on distal one-half of tarsus,feeble,not reported,absent,short and running across the tarsus and ending at about midline of the tarsus
Lateral line system,not reported,present,not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,present in adult; the pattern of the lateral-line system of O. laevis differs somewhat from that of O. lima (see Taylor 1962 for detailed description),not reported,absent,not reported,not reported,weak,absent,not reported
Dorsal skin texture,Without dorsolateral fold but with transverse wrinkles,pearly tipped tubercles or spines; skin densely covered with small pearly white tubercles; refers to the texture of the skin which is like the surface of a lime,smooth or faintly wrinkled; usually with a short ridge at the nape behind the eye; the middle of the back has a weak U-shaped ridge open to the rear; few scattered tubercles;,smooth with a few scattered warts above,"smooth, very minutely shagreened or corrugated, fold present ending approximately halfway to the groin; scattered tubercles on flank","wrinkled, very isolated, small warts on the back and the top of the hind limbs","smooth with few, scattered, small, very flat tubercles; skin on snout smooth; sides of body with glandular tubercles; skin on legs, especially exposed surfaces, with fine pearl-capped tubercles, the tubercles extend onto sole of foot; the skin of the dorsal surfaces is corrugated with rounded protrusions; white spinules on posterior portion of back and on dorsal surfaces of legs; no dorso-lateral fold; ","numerous large craterlike pustules on body; pearl-like pustules on sides; some specimens virtually have only a few low tubercles on the dorsum whereas other have distinct ones, pearl-tipped or not",variable from rather smooth to markedly tuberculate on the dorsal surface,"skin on top of head and on dorsum and flank smooth; skin on upper surface of forelimbs and thigh with low, rounded tubercles, that of dorsal surface of shank with scattered keratinized pointed tubercles; no dorsolateral fold",scattered tubercles,skin of the back and upper surfaces of the limbs has a uniformly corrugated appearance with occasional rounded bumps,granular with scattered tubercles,"dorsal skin rough but no large tubercles are present on the head, snout or eyelids; upper arm with small tubercles"
Dorsal and flank coloration ,"orange-brown dorsum with dark brown band; area anterior to skin fold between eye and arm insertion with whitish-yellow markings; interorbital bar dark brown, united to dorsal stripe; dorsal surfaces of lower arm and tarsal segment of limb barred dark-brown; rear of thigh without marking","greenish, lower parts with a pair of L-shaped darker stripes on the lower part of the hips; greyish or dull brown, often with diffuse dark longitudinal bands on back; distinct black stripe on rear surface of thighs","dark brown above, limbs with darker cross-bars; a yellowish vertical streak on the tip of the snout and an oblique one from the eye to the angle of the mouth; dorsal coloration is variable, brown, grey, or olive sometimes with dark markings",olive above with distinct darker markings,a dark V pointing forward between shoulders; hind limb with dark crossbars; dorsal surfaces of hands and feet dark brown with indistinct darker markings; ,"olive gray top with very indistinct, dark spots;  dark gray bandages on the top of the forelimb; indistinct, round spots of dark gray on the hind limbs","brown, darker arched, with or without white backrest; olive-brown to brown, with two darker lines following dim dorsolateral folds; a dark and a light transverse line across head between eyes, two or three cloudy areas on back; arms light brown; flecked with darker brown; becks of brown on thighs; tibia, tarsus, and foot with dark-brown bars; a slightly lighter area on side of head from eye to arm-insertion; the ground color is dark gray-brown",brown above with two vague lighter areas on middle of back; chin and throat brownish with light flecks,"head brownish gray, clouded of flecked with darker indefinite lighter spots on tip of snout along upper lip; varies greatly mostly gray or brown; rusty red patched on back or head are common; can have paravertebral stripes, light dorsolateral stripes, or be stripeless; The dark interorbital bar is also extremely variable","Dorsal and lateral ground color of head and body Drab-Gray
(256) with indistinct Raw Umber (280) blotches
and mottling; dorsal surfaces of forelimbs True Cinnamon
(260) with Raw Umber (280) speckles; dorsal surfaces
of hind limbs Drab-Gray (256) with Raw Umber
(280) transverse broken bars; a Drab-Gray (256) oblique
bar from anterior corner of eye to snout; throat region
heavily suffused with Vandyke Brown (282); venter Pale
Neutral Gray (296) with Smoky White (261) stipples; ventral surfaces of forelimbs Medium Fawn Color (257); ventral surfaces of hind limbs Cream White (52); iris Olive Brown (278) with a suffusion of Orange-Rufous (56) above and whitish below","olive-brownish above, with indistinct darker markings, limbs paler, with dark cross bars; a, broad dark band down the back, occupying nearly the whole width, with the sides of the body yellow.","no distinct markings, uniformly dark brownish to greyish","dark-grey, bearing black small oval or irregular shaped spot","dark brown or blackish, usually without faint markings, pattern, or mottling (see Iskandar et al., (2011) for detailed description)"
Dorsolateral stripe,"broad, dark-brown, running from tip of snout posteriorly, and diverging at sacrum, continuing across the groin to femur and tibia","green, orange, or yellow dorsomedial strip often present",Some individuals have a vertebral stripe,not reported,a light mid-dorsal band or line occasionally present,not reported,distinct; two indistinct dorsolateral lines begin behind eye and are lost on shoulder; ,not reported,"often with a sharp/diffuse yellow or orange dorsomedial stripe or a dark gray wide medial band along the back bordered with two diffuse orange stripes; from eye along side becoming wider posteriorly; brownish stripe on back arising on occiput, fading on rump; an occasional specimen may have a narrow median cream line",absent,"present, variable; narrow yellow or orange","variable, wide, light stripe down the middle of the back","variable, narrow and yellow","variable; middorsal light line is present in two specimens, but there is no indication of lighter dorsolateral band"
Flank/side texture,"sides scattered with small, low glands",not reported,not reported,not reported,scattered tubercles,not reported,not reported,smooth except on posterior part,more or less granular,not reported,not reported,not reported,dorsal tubercles on flanks tipped in brownish white to white,not reported
Ventral skin color,"cream, with large scattered dark gray spots on throat and posterior thigh; digits dark brown ventrally",pale; underside of the limbs with a dark stripe running into the ventral region; gular with a pair of dark stripes,"white with irregular brown blotches; cream heavily spotted with brown; white (in spirit) beneath, largely marbled with black;",throat is sometimes spotted,"ventral surfaces cream except for gular region, which is uniform brown or cream densely spotted with brown; under surface of hands and feet purplish (in alcohol)","underside gray with a blurred, dark stain mark. ",entire undersurface of body and limbs uniform white or with few scattered punctate spots on breast and numerous large dark-brown spots on underside of legs; the ventral side of the head is a speckled dark gray and a yellow tinge is sometimes present on the venter and undersides of the thighs,throat is heavily pigmented,"venter and underside of limbs yellow ish-white to flesli-white, but with a fine peppering of darkish pigment, somewhat denser on chin and throat, and outer parts of the underside of thighs; pigment dense on underside of foot, less so on hand; whiteish, throat with pale marbled gray speckling",dark colored throat region (males),in young specimens the throat may be almost black with small white dots,"no spotting on the chest or belly; uniformly brownish to greyish; gular region usually blackish, especially in male specimens; the underside of the head is often speckled dark grey, and there is usually a lemon yellow tinge over the belly and underside of the thighs, dark brown band on either side of the cloaca ","venter uniform cream white, becoming brown with white mottling and groups of minute dark-grey flecks present in the gular region",gular skin of males is darker compared to that of females; lower parts are heavily marbled with dark brown and gular surfaces more heavily marked
Ventral skin texture,throat and chest smooth; abdomen smooth throughout,covered all over with pearly tubercles,"rugose, throat with low warts",not reported,"gular region in males with spinules/small, uniformly scattered white asperities; smooth",smooth,"skin of chin, breast, venter, and much of concealed surface of limbs is smooth; males have small white spinules on the gular region especially at tip of chin and sometimes females have them; females have two longitudinal rows of larger tubercles running the entire length of the center of the throat",immaculate,smooth ,skin on throat and venter shagreen,"smooth; younger individuals may have scattered, rounded warts","smooth all over including the legs and belly (Iskandar 1998); rugose (Inger, 1966)",smooth,"lower part of body, gular surface and ventrum are essentially smooth"
Forked omosternum,not reported,present,present,present,present,present,present,not reported,not reported,not reported,present,not reported,present,not reported
Sternum cartilaginous or bony,not reported,bony style,bony style,bony style,bony style,bony style,bony style,not reported,not reported,not reported,bony style,not reported,bony style,not reported
Amplexus type,not reported,axillary,not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,"inguinal (Koehler et al., 2021)","inguinal (Ziegler, 2002; Chanard, 2003); lumbar (Sailo et al., 2009); axillary (Figure 8)",inguinal,not reported,"inguinal (Eto and Matsui, 2012); axillary (Fig. 10)",inguinal,not reported
Color of egg ,dark brown,brown and white,not reported,not reported,not reported,not reported,pigmented,not reported,hundreds of small darkly pigmented eggs forming floating rafts on the water surface,not reported,not reported,pigmented,black in preservation,not reported
Tibiotarsal articulation,"reaching, at most, posterior border of eye",reaching tip of nose,heel reaches tip of snout,heel reaches to midway between the shoulder and the eye; may reach as far as eye,heel reaches to between eye and tip of snout,heel reaches the tip of the snout,"heel reaches slightly in front of eye, just beyond eye",heel reaches middle of the eye,heel reaches eye,not reported,heel reaches anterior border of the eye; in some cases heel may reach nearly to tip of the snout,over the eye,not reported,not reported
Other,"interorbital surface flat; forelimb (8.7, 46.0 % SVL)","eggs small (0.8-1.0 mm) and floating, nearly 50 in clutch; the males call day and night; mucosome not slimy",n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,"arms short, if brought forward only tips of fingers reaching tip of snout; when legs are folded at right angles to body heels strongly overlap; end of the transverse processes of the sacral vertebra not broadened","arms short, only the fingers reaching beyond tip of snout; when legs are folded at right angles to body the heels fail to touch; slimy mucosome",forearm and hand 5.2-12 mm; slimy mucosome,extensive mucosome,n/a,oviposition site was out of the water,supernumerary tubercles indisctinct,"tibias do not meet when the femurs are placed perpendicular to body axis, slightly shorter than femur; fingers with narrow fringe of skin"
References for characters,"Matsui et al., 2021","Gravenhorst, 1829; Peters, 1867; Boulenger, 1890; Smith, 1931; Deckert, 1938; Bourret, 1942; Inger, 1954; Taylor and Elbel, 1958; Yang, 1991; Iskandar, 1998; Ziegler 2002; Nguyen, Ho & Nguyen, 2009; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011; Vassilieva et al. 2016; Bogisich, 2019; Koehler et al. 2021","Boulenger, 1896; Smith, 1931; Inger 1966; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011; Inger and Stuebing 2017","Smith 1927; Smith, 1931; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011","Taylor, 1922; Inger, 1954; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011; Chan et al. 2020; Figure 9","Mertens 1927; Smith 1931; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011","Günther, 1858; Smith, 1927; Smith, 1931; Liu, 1935; Bourret, 1942; Inger, 1954; Taylor, 1962; Alcala and Brown, 1998; Iskandar, 1998; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011; Gawor, 2016; Bogisich, 2019","Taylor and Elbel, 1958; Matsui, 1979; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011; Bogisich, 2019; Koehler et al. 2021","Peters, 1867; Deckert, 1938; Andersson, 1942; Taylor and Elbel, 1958; Taylor, 1962; Inger, 1966; Yang, 1991; Manthey & Grossmann, 1997; Ziegler, 2002; Chan-Ard, 2003; Nguyen, Ho & Nguyen, 2009; Sailo et al. 2009; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011; Hecht et al., 2013; Vassilieva et al., 2016; Gawor et al., 2016; Bogisich, 2019; Poyarkov, 2020; Koehler et al. 2021; Figure 8",Koehler et al. 2021,"Smith, 1927; Smith, 1931; Inger, 1954; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011","Peters, 1877; Inger, 1966; Iskandar, 1998; Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011; Eto and Matsui, 2012; Inger and Stuebing, 2017; Haas, Das & Hertwig, 2020; Matsui et al. 2021; Koehler et al. 2021; Figure 9","this study; Ahm, 2014","Iskandar, Arifin & Rachmansah, 2011"
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