ReadMe for Aggressive signaling among competing species of birds This readme file describes the variables in the data file (aggressive.signals.csv) that were the basis of the above manuscript. For any further queries please contact: Haley Kenyon (haley.kenyon@queensu.ca) focal.interaction = number of focal interaction signaling.IOC = row number of signaling species in IOC World Bird list v. 10.2 (Gill et al. 2020) signaling.family = family of signaling individual signaling.genus = genus of signaling individual signaling.species = species of signaling indivdiual receiving.IOC = row number of signaling species in IOC World Bird list v. 10.2 (Gill et al. 2020) receiving.family = family of signaling individual receiving.genus = genus of signaling individual receiving.species = species of signaling indivdiual interaction = focal interaction type captured in photo or video from the perspective of the signaling individual: threat; threat.defense substrate = substrate on which interaction occcurs: in.air; in.water; on.ground; on.perch body.orientation = overall orientation of the signaler's body: forward.upright; forward.lowered; forward.normal; side.oriented; feet.forward; above; upside.down (see Table SI for examples) head.position = position of the signaler's head relative to their body: forward.upright; forward.lowered; forward.normal; side.oriented; held.black.upward; not.visible (see Table SI for examples) wing.position = position of the signaler's wings relative to their body: flapping; soaring.gliding; spread.outward; raised.upward; partially.spread; closed.flat; closed.held.slightly.out; closed.raised.off.back (see Table SI for examples) shoulder.position = position of the signaler's shoulders (including underwing/upperwing) relative to the receiver: underwing.forward; upperwing.forward; wing.horizontal; wing.closed.shoulder.visible; wing.closed.shoulder.concealed; not.visible (see Table SI for examples) bill.position = position of the bill relative to the received, and whether it is open or closed: open.forward; open.upward; open.downward; open.side; closed.forward; closed.upward; closed.downward; closed.side; not.visible (see Table SI for examples) tail.position = position of the tail relative to the body and receiver, and whether or not the tail was fanned: trailing.fanned; trailing.not.fanned; raised.fanned; raised.not.fanned; down.fanned; down.not.fanned; partly.raised.fanned; partly.raised.not.fanned; side.oriented.fanned; side.oriented.not.fanned; not.visible (see Table SI for examples) feet.position = position of the feet: on.substrate; tucked.up; extended; partially.extended; hanging; not.visible (see Table SI for examples) closest.point = closest part of the signaler's body to the receiver: bill; feet; wing; tail; breast (see Table SI for examples) relation.to.intra.signal = relationship of the observed interspecific signal to signals used by the signaling species in aggressive encounters with conspecifics: same; similar; similar to congener; different; unknown relationship.to.intraspecific.signal.reference = reference for aggressive signals used by the signaling species in encounters with conspecifics notes: notes on focal interaction source.format: format of source: photo; video source.description: photographer's description of photo or video (sometimes translated to English, depending on original language) source: source from which photo or video was obtained link: web address for photo or video continent: continent where focal interaction was recorded credit: photographer credited with original photo or video, according to source mouth: number of naive observers indicating the mouth as highlighted in the focal interaction bill: number of naive observers indicating the bill as highlighted in the focal interaction face/throat: number of naive observers indicating the face/throat region as highlighted in the focal interaction breast: number of naive observers indicating the breast as highlighted in the focal interaction belly: number of naive observers indicating the belly as highlighted in the focal interaction sides: number of naive observers indicating the sides as highlighted in the focal interaction crown: number of naive observers indicating the crown as highlighted in the focal interaction nape/back: number of naive observers indicating the nape/back region as highlighted in the focal interaction shoulder: number of naive observers indicating the shoulder as highlighted in the focal interaction upperwings: number of naive observers indicating the upperwings as highlighted in the focal interaction underwings: number of naive observers indicating the underwings as highlighted in the focal interaction uppertail: number of naive observers indicating the uppertail as highlighted in the focal interaction uppertail.coverts: number of naive observers indicating the uppertail coverts as highlighted in the focal interaction undertail: number of naive observers indicating the undertail as highlighted in the focal interaction undertail.coverts: number of naive observers indicating the undertail coverts as highlighted in the focal interaction tarsal.feathers: number of naive observers indicating the tarsal feathers as highlighted in the focal interaction legs/feet: number of naive observers indicating the legs and/or feet as highlighted in the focal interaction red/pink/orange/yellow: number of naive observers indicating carotenoid colors (red/pink/orange/yellow) as highlighted in the focal interaction; NA if this color is not present in focal species black: number of naive observers indicating black as highlighted in the focal interaction; NA if this color is not present in focal species white: number of naive observers indicating white as highlighted in the focal interaction; NA if this color is not present in focal species dark/white contrast: number of naive observers indicating a dark/white contrast as highlighted in the focal interaction; NA if these colors are not present in focal species blue/green/violet: number of naive observers indicating structural colors (blue/green/violet) as highlighted in the focal interaction; NA if this color is not present in focal species rufous/chestnut: number of naive observers indicating rufous and/or chestnut as highlighted in the focal interaction; NA if this color is not present in focal species brown/beige: number of naive observers indicating brown and/or beige as highlighted in the focal interaction; NA if this color is not present in focal species gray: number of naive observers indicating gray as highlighted in the focal interaction; NA if this color is not present in focal species color.reference: reference used to determine which colors are present in focal species animal.1: species name in Jetz et al. 2012 phylogeny (underscore removed) animal: species name in Jetz et al. 2012 phylogeny