focal.interaction,signaling.IOC,signaling.family,signaling.genus,signaling.species,receiving.IOC,receiving.family,receiving.genus,receiving.species,interaction,substrate,body.orientation,head.position,wing.position,shoulder.position,bill.position,tail.position,feet.position,closest.point,relation.to.intra.signal,relation.to.intraspecific.signal.reference,notes,source.format,source.description,source,link,continent,credit,mouth,bill,face/throat,breast,belly,sides,crown,nape/back,shoulders,upperwings,underwings,uppertail,uppertail.coverts,undertail,undertail.coverts,tarsal.feathers,legs/feet,red/pink/orange/yellow,black,white,dark/white contrast,blue/green/violet,rufous/chestnut,brown/beige,gray,colour.reference,animal.1,animal
1,167,Tinamidae,Rhynchotus,rufescens,5640,Charadriidae,Vanellus,chilensis,threat.defense,in.air,feet.forward,held.back.upward,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,not.visible,extended,feet,unknown,NA,defensive response to attack by Vanellus; in air,photo,Just when a Quero-Quero attacks a partridge that was crossing its territory. Guided by Hyroia.,https://www.wikiaves.com.br/3137043,https://www.wikiaves.com.br/3137043,South America,Ronaldo L. Oliveira,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,NA,1,3,1,"Cabot, J., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, C. J. Sharpe, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Red-winged Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rewtin1.01",Rhynchotus rufescens,Rhynchotus_rufescens
2,350,Cracidae,Penelope,jacquacu,1143,Phasianidae,Gallus,gallus,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,partially.spread,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,breast,unknown,NA,both on ground; guan coming in to corn for chickens at rural farm; chicken is white domestic,photo,"Registration made with the cell phone by the owner Cicera, I found it very nice, according to her the bird comes every week to thread the corn.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1886997,http://en.wikiaves.com/1886997,South America,Nilson Oliveira,0,0,3,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,"del Hoyo, J. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Spix's Guan (Penelope jacquacu), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.spigua1.01",Penelope jacquacu,Penelope_jacquacu
3,1143,Phasianidae,Gallus,gallus,350,Cracidae,Penelope,jacquacu,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,not.visible,partlyraised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_m8KU9dLI4,both on ground; guan coming in to corn for chickens at rural farm; chicken is white domestic,photo,"Registration made with the cell phone by the owner Cicera, I found it very nice, according to her the bird comes every week to thread the corn.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1886997,http://en.wikiaves.com/1886997,South America,Nilson Oliveira,0,1,3,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,1,2,"McGowan, P. J. K. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.redjun.01",Gallus gallus,Gallus_gallus
4,1296,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,viduata,1302,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,bicolor,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves, and elsewhere (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/379356; https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/478383)","two white-faced displaying at fulvous, who is retreating",photo,"A lonely shin guinea pig slept in the middle of a large flock of irerês, on the banks of one of Ibirapuera's lakes. An hour later she gets up and the irerês go after her, unfriendly.",http://en.wikiaves.com/2992060,http://en.wikiaves.com/2992060,South America,Cristina Rappa,3,1,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,1,1,3,NA,2,0,1,"Carboneras, C. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-faced Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna viduata), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.wfwduc1.01",Dendrocygna viduata,Dendrocygna_viduata
5,1297,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,autumnalis,1296,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,viduata,threat,in.water,side.oriented,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1024411: see bird on left)",bird in centre,photo,The cabeca clown was threatening the irerê.,http://en.wikiaves.com/3636535,http://en.wikiaves.com/3636535,South America,Djalma Ribeiro Junior,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,1,3,0,"James, J. D. and J. E. Thompson (2020). Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bbwduc.01",Dendrocygna autumnalis,Dendrocygna_autumnalis
6,1297,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,autumnalis,1302,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,bicolor,threat,in.water,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1024411: see bird on left)",3 aggressive birds in water (one lunging),photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/3279633,http://en.wikiaves.com/3279633,South America,Eduardo Augusto Ferreira,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,1,2,1,"James, J. D. and J. E. Thompson (2020). Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bbwduc.01",Dendrocygna autumnalis,Dendrocygna_autumnalis
7,1297,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,autumnalis,1302,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,bicolor,threat,in.air,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,flapping,wing.horizontal,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,hanging,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1024411: see bird on right)",bird flying in,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/3278264,http://en.wikiaves.com/3278264,South America,Afonso Carlos Santos,3,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,"James, J. D. and J. E. Thompson (2020). Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bbwduc.01",Dendrocygna autumnalis,Dendrocygna_autumnalis
8,1297,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,autumnalis,1302,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,bicolor,threat,in.water,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1024411: see bird on left)",bird in water on right,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/3278264,http://en.wikiaves.com/3278264,South America,Afonso Carlos Santos,2,3,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,1,3,0,"James, J. D. and J. E. Thompson (2020). Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bbwduc.01",Dendrocygna autumnalis,Dendrocygna_autumnalis
9,1302,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,bicolor,1297,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,autumnalis,threat.defense,in.water,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"videos from Macaulay library (e.g., https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201249711; https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/454058)",two signalling birds on left; did not use retreating bird in center,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/3279633,http://en.wikiaves.com/3279633,South America,Eduardo Augusto Ferreira,3,3,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,NA,3,0,0,"Hohman, W. L. and S. A. Lee (2020). Fulvous Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna bicolor), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.fuwduc.01",Dendrocygna bicolor,Dendrocygna_bicolor
10,1302,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,bicolor,1297,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,autumnalis,threat.defense,in.water,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"videos from Macaulay library (e.g., https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201249711; https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/454058)",birds centre left with open bills,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/3278264,http://en.wikiaves.com/3278264,South America,Afonso Carlos Santos,3,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,NA,3,0,0,"Hohman, W. L. and S. A. Lee (2020). Fulvous Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna bicolor), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.fuwduc.01",Dendrocygna bicolor,Dendrocygna_bicolor
11,1302,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,bicolor,1297,Anatidae,Dendrocygna,autumnalis,threat.defense,in.water,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"videos from Macaulay library (e.g., https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201249711; https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/454058)","bird centre right, upright posture",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/3278264,http://en.wikiaves.com/3278264,South America,Afonso Carlos Santos,2,2,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,2,1,NA,2,0,0,"Hohman, W. L. and S. A. Lee (2020). Fulvous Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna bicolor), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.fuwduc.01",Dendrocygna bicolor,Dendrocygna_bicolor
12,1450,Anatidae,Amazonetta,brasiliensis,5271,Rallidae,Gallinula,galeata,threat.defense,in.water,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,similar,"similar to birds on substrate (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1589598); variation in wing position in inttraspecific interactions",male in foreground,photo,Falling out with a red foot.,http://en.wikiaves.com/371061,http://en.wikiaves.com/371061,South America,Luciano Monferrari,3,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,"Carboneras, C. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Brazilian Teal (Amazonetta brasiliensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bratea1.01",Amazonetta brasiliensis,Amazonetta_brasiliensis
13,2448,Trochilidae,Phaethornis,pretrei,3273,Trochilidae,Heliomaster,squamosus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,not.visible,down.notfanned,not.visible,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2061422)",birds displaying in air; only back visible - used other photos of front to infer colour patches showing,photo,"The aerial dispute between the beak and the white tail was intense, but there was no physical aggression. They just strutted. ",http://en.wikiaves.com/640519,http://en.wikiaves.com/640519,South America,Antonio Vilela,0,1,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,2,NA,"Hinkelmann, C., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Planalto Hermit (Phaethornis pretrei), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.plaher1.01",Phaethornis pretrei,Phaethornis_pretrei
14,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,2544,Trochilidae,Colibri,serrirostris,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,partly.extended,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2365642)",displaying in air,photo,Bullshit with a violet ear!,http://en.wikiaves.com/3159634,http://en.wikiaves.com/3159634,South America,Rogério de Castro,0,3,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,1,NA,NA,3,NA,0,1,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.swthum1.01",Eupetomena macroura,Eupetomena_macroura
15,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,2553,Trochilidae,Anthracothorax,nigricollis,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,tucked.up,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2365642)","hovering in front of sitting anthracothorax, which is turning to look",photo,Fighting with the Black-robed Hummingbird (Anthracothorax nigricollis),http://en.wikiaves.com/2022844,http://en.wikiaves.com/2022844,South America,Karoline Ceron,0,2,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,0,NA,NA,3,NA,1,1,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.swthum1.02",Eupetomena macroura,Eupetomena_macroura
16,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,2576,Trochilidae,Chrysolampis,mosquitus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,extended,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2365642)",both coming together in the air and facing off,photo,"After four days in my yard, the red hummingbird got tired of being attacked by scissors and never came back. In this photo I was focusing on the red that was sitting quietly, when the scissors appeared. Unfortunately there is always a stick to get in the way.",http://en.wikiaves.com/184409,http://en.wikiaves.com/184409,South America,Adams Serra,0,1,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,NA,1,NA,NA,3,NA,1,1,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.swthum1.03",Eupetomena macroura,Eupetomena_macroura
17,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,tucked.up,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (fights at flowers, feeders; e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2365642)",display while hovering in air towards tanager,photo,"threat display towards fleeing tanager; Campos do Jordão, Sao Paulo, Brasil",http://en.wikiaves.com/701582,http://en.wikiaves.com/701582,South America,Rosemari Julio,0,2,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,1,NA,NA,3,NA,1,1,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.swthum1.04",Eupetomena macroura,Eupetomena_macroura
18,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,32779,Thraupidae,Tangara,cayana,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,not.visible,down.fanned,not.visible,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3762358)","tanager perched, hummingbird in flight",photo,Fight between Saira and Beija Flor Tesoura over the disputed perch on the porch of the house.,http://en.wikiaves.com/1795336,http://en.wikiaves.com/1795336,South America,Rodrigo Bittencourt,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,1,NA,NA,3,NA,1,0,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.swthum1.05",Eupetomena macroura,Eupetomena_macroura
19,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,not.visible,down.fanned,tucked.up,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2365642)","at nectar feeder, hummingbird displaying in air, dacnis on perch",photo,"Beija-flor thinks it's his drinker, but this blue Saí there doesn't really agree ...",http://en.wikiaves.com/149494,http://en.wikiaves.com/149494,South America,Pedro Perez,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,1,NA,NA,3,NA,1,0,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.swthum1.06",Eupetomena macroura,Eupetomena_macroura
20,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,33426,Thraupidae,Coereba,flaveola,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,tucked.up,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2365642)","hummingbird in air, bananaquit in  tree",photo,"Defending their space from a cambacica, they fought for hours, all of this in their backyard ...",http://en.wikiaves.com/1027169,http://en.wikiaves.com/1027169,South America,Mario Duarte,0,1,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,1,NA,NA,3,NA,1,0,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.swthum1.07",Eupetomena macroura,Eupetomena_macroura
21,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,33426,Thraupidae,Coereba,flaveola,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,raised.upward,wing.horizontal,closed.forward,down.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2365642)","both on branches, hummingbird displaying towards bananaquit",photo,Complicated relationship ...,http://en.wikiaves.com/1480656,http://en.wikiaves.com/1480656,South America,Christian Minoru,0,0,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,2,NA,NA,3,NA,1,0,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.swthum1.08",Eupetomena macroura,Eupetomena_macroura
22,2532,Trochilidae,Florisuga,fusca,2759,Trochilidae,Leucochloris,albicollis,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,tucked.up,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4287635)",Hummingbirds displaying in air,photo,The White-throated Hummingbird is not weak !!!!!! he took over a drinking fountain and would not let others get close. Quarrelsome pet !!!!! SERIES: Birds from my garden,http://en.wikiaves.com/855123,http://en.wikiaves.com/855123,South America,Luis Alberto,0,1,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,NA,2,2,1,0,NA,NA,NA,"Schuchmann, K.L., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Black Jacobin (Florisuga fusca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.blkjac1.01",Florisuga fusca,Florisuga_fusca
23,2534,Trochilidae,Colibri,delphinae,2541,Trochilidae,Colibri,coruscans,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,not.visible,down.fanned,not.visible,bill,same,https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-sparkling-violetear-colibri-coruscans-fighting-at-jardin-encantado-image01544300.html,"birds fighting in air- C. coruscans facing camera, but partially obscured by branch and C. delphinae, which has his back to camera",photo,Brown and Sparkling Violet-ear Fighting,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/brown-violet-ear-colibri-delphinae/brown-and-sparkling-violet-ear-fighting,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/brown-violet-ear-colibri-delphinae/brown-and-sparkling-violet-ear-fighting,South America,Guy Poisson,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,NA,0,0,0,1,0,3,1,"Stiles, F.G. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Brown Violetear (Colibri delphinae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.brvear1.01",Colibri delphinae,Colibri_delphinae
24,2541,Trochilidae,Colibri,coruscans,2534,Trochilidae,Colibri,delphinae,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,tucked.up,bill,same,https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-sparkling-violetear-colibri-coruscans-fighting-at-jardin-encantado-image01544300.html,"birds fighting in air- C. coruscans facing camera, but partially obscured by branch and C. delphinae, which has his back to camera",photo,Brown and Sparkling Violet-ear Fighting,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/brown-violet-ear-colibri-delphinae/brown-and-sparkling-violet-ear-fighting,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/brown-violet-ear-colibri-delphinae/brown-and-sparkling-violet-ear-fighting,South America,Guy Poisson,0,0,3,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,0,0,0,3,NA,NA,NA,"Züchner, T., P. F. D. Boesman, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Sparkling Violetear (Colibri coruscans), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.spvear1.01",Colibri coruscans,Colibri_coruscans
25,2544,Trochilidae,Colibri,serrirostris,2954,Trochilidae,Clytolaema,rubricauda,threat,in.air,forward.normal,forward.normal,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,tucked.up,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (some show tail fanned; e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/115213)",birds displaying in air,photo,Action: dueling with a violet-eared hummingbird!,http://en.wikiaves.com/325619,http://en.wikiaves.com/325619,South America,Júlio Silveira,0,0,3,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,1,0,0,3,NA,NA,0,"Altshuler, D.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-vented Violetear (Colibri serrirostris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.wvvear1.01",Colibri serrirostris,Colibri_serrirostris
26,2576,Trochilidae,Chrysolampis,mosquitus,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.normal,raised.upward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,down.fanned,not.visible,bill,same,https://stock.adobe.com/ca/images/two-hummingbird-fight-red-and-yellow-ruby-topaz-hummingbird-chrysolampis-mosquitus-flying-with-open-wings-frontal-look-with-glossy-orange-head-spread-tail-tobago-island-trinidad-and-tobago/229240638,"Chrysolampis on perch, Eupetomena attacking",photo,"After four days in my yard, the red hummingbird got tired of being attacked by scissors and never came back. In this photo I was focusing on the red that was sitting quietly, when the scissors appeared. Unfortunately there is always a stick to get in the way.",http://en.wikiaves.com/184409,http://en.wikiaves.com/184409,South America,Adams Serra,0,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Ruby-topaz Hummingbird (Chrysolampis mosquitus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.ruthum1.01",Chrysolampis mosquitus,Chrysolampis_mosquitus
27,2604,Trochilidae,Lophornis ,chalybeus,2723,Trochilidae,Thalurania,glaucopis,threat,in.air,forward.normal,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,extended,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3396310)",L. chalybeus challenging from the air,photo,"In the great company of Cleber Ferreira, Ricardo Gentil, Marco Guedes and Fabio Souza (the guy who knows everything and a little more about the birds of Ubatuba). Special thanks to Jonas, whom I had the pleasure of meeting on the visit to his beautiful site. I spent most of the time investing in photos of the green tuft, which for me is the star of the place. I got this image of the fight with the violet-fronted hummingbird, when the macho opened the fan and was intimidating his ""opponent"", a moment that lasted only a few seconds.",http://en.wikiaves.com/990171,http://en.wikiaves.com/990171,South America,Daniel Mello,0,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,1,3,0,3,NA,0,0,"del Hoyo, J., T. Züchner, G. M. Kirwan, N. Collar, and P. F. D. Boesman (2021). Festive Coquette (Lophornis chalybeus), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (B. K. Keeney, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.fescoq1.02",Lophornis chalybeus,Lophornis_chalybeus
28,2604,Trochilidae,Lophornis ,chalybeus,2723,Trochilidae,Thalurania,glaucopis,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.notfanned,extended,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3396310; http://en.wikiaves.com/380406)",L. chalybeus displaying to Thalurania sitting on branch from the air,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/384131,http://en.wikiaves.com/384131,South America,Aluisio Ferreira,0,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,NA,1,2,1,1,NA,0,1,"del Hoyo, J., T. Züchner, G. M. Kirwan, N. Collar, and P. F. D. Boesman (2021). Festive Coquette (Lophornis chalybeus), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (B. K. Keeney, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.fescoq1.02",Lophornis chalybeus,Lophornis_chalybeus
29,2759,Trochilidae,Leucochloris,albicollis,2532,Trochilidae,Florisuga,fusca,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.normal,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,tucked.up,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/658777), but others sometimes show closed tails and bills (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/771351)",Hummingbirds displaying in air,photo,The White-throated Hummingbird is not weak !!!!!! he took over a drinking fountain and would not let others get close. Quarrelsome pet !!!!! SERIES: Birds from my garden,http://en.wikiaves.com/855123,http://en.wikiaves.com/855123,South America,Luis Alberto,3,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,2,1,NA,0,1,"Weller, A.A., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). White-throated Hummingbird (Leucochloris albicollis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whthum2.01",Leucochloris albicollis,Leucochloris_albicollis
30,2759,Trochilidae,Leucochloris,albicollis,2532,Trochilidae,Florisuga,fusca,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/658777), but others sometimes show closed tails and bills (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/771351)","both perched, white-throated displaying",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1146211,http://en.wikiaves.com/1146211,South America,Rogério Oliveira,2,3,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,2,2,2,NA,0,0,"Weller, A.A., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). White-throated Hummingbird (Leucochloris albicollis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whthum2.01",Leucochloris albicollis,Leucochloris_albicollis
31,2954,Trochilidae,Clytolaema,rubricauda,2544,Trochilidae,Colibri,serrirostris,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,not.visible,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3293241)",birds displaying in air,photo,Action: dueling with a violet-eared hummingbird!,http://en.wikiaves.com/325619,http://en.wikiaves.com/325619,South America,Júlio Silveira,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Brazilian Ruby (Clytolaema rubricauda), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.brarub1.01",Clytolaema rubricauda,Clytolaema_rubricauda
32,2954,Trochilidae,Clytolaema,rubricauda,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,extended,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/124137)","ruby in air, just off perch; male dacnis on perch, but facing away - could not use",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/2175777,http://en.wikiaves.com/2175777,South America,Luis Maluf,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,3,1,0,0,3,1,0,0,"Schuchmann, K.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Brazilian Ruby (Clytolaema rubricauda), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.brarub1.01",Clytolaema rubricauda,Clytolaema_rubricauda
33,3256,Trochilidae,Heliothryx,auritus,14951,Tyrannidae,Zimmerius,acer,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,not.visible,bill,unknown,NA,"fairy hovering in air, tyrannulet perched, leaning out toward fairy",photo,"I found the dispute with a Blue-cheeked Hummingbird (Heliothryx auritus) interesting, which was also part of a mixed flock passing by the tower.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1967003,http://en.wikiaves.com/1967003,South America,Celso B Almeida,0,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,NA,0,2,2,0,NA,NA,0,"Schuchmann, K.L., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Black-eared Fairy (Heliothryx auritus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bkefai1.01",Heliothryx auritus,Heliothryx_auritus
34,3273,Trochilidae,Heliomaster,squamosus,2448,Trochilidae,Phaethornis,pretrei,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,tucked.up,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3904203)",birds displaying in air,photo,"The aerial dispute between the beak and the white tail was intense, but there was no physical aggression. They just strutted. ",http://en.wikiaves.com/640519,http://en.wikiaves.com/640519,South America,Antonio Vilela,0,0,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,0,1,1,2,NA,NA,1,"Schuchmann, K.L., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Stripe-breasted Starthroat (Heliomaster squamosus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.stbsta1.01",Heliomaster squamosus,Heliomaster_squamosus
35,3362,Musophagidae,Tauraco,corythaix,8647,Coliidae,Colius,striatus,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,raised.upward,upperwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,at fruit feeder; described posture at 0:44s and earlier,photo,none,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YXUzevbymU,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YXUzevbymU,Africa,Judy Craemer,0,0,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,2,0,3,NA,0,0,"Turner, D. A. and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Knysna Turaco (Tauraco corythaix), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.knytur1.01.1",Tauraco corythaix,Tauraco_corythaix
36,3362,Musophagidae,Tauraco,corythaix,8647,Coliidae,Colius,striatus,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,raised.upward,upperwing.forward,closed.forward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,at fruit feeder; described posture at 0:33s,photo,none,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YXUzevbymU,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YXUzevbymU,Africa,Judy Craemer,0,0,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,3,0,2,NA,0,1,"Turner, D. A. and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Knysna Turaco (Tauraco corythaix), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.knytur1.01.1",Tauraco corythaix,Tauraco_corythaix
37,3477,Cuculidae,Guira,guira,3480,Cuculidae,Crotophaga,ani,threat,on.ground,forward.normal,forward.normal,partially.spread,upperwing.forward,open.forward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3593117)",both on ground facing each other,photo,Fighting with a black Anu!,http://en.wikiaves.com/175322,http://en.wikiaves.com/175322,South America,Amarildo Jordão,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,NA,2,2,0,"Payne, R. B. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.guicuc1.01",Guira guira,Guira_guira
38,3477,Cuculidae,Guira,guira,3480,Cuculidae,Crotophaga,ani,threat,on.ground,side.oriented,forward.normal,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"videos in Macaulay library (e.g., https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201158071)",both on ground facing each other,photo,Fighting with a black Anu!,http://en.wikiaves.com/169411,http://en.wikiaves.com/169411,South America,Amarildo Jordão,3,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,NA,1,2,0,"Payne, R. B. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.guicuc1.01",Guira guira,Guira_guira
39,3477,Cuculidae,Guira,guira,15819,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,savana,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,wing.horizontal,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"videos in Macaulay library (e.g., https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201158071)","both on branches, Tyrannus just turning to look at cuckoo",photo,"""Get out of my place"" hehehhehe",http://en.wikiaves.com/1916154,http://en.wikiaves.com/1916154,South America,Taywili Santos,0,2,3,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,NA,0,1,1,"Payne, R. B. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.guicuc1.01",Guira guira,Guira_guira
40,3480,Cuculidae,Crotophaga,ani,3477,Cuculidae,Guira,guira,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/635460)",both on ground facing each other,photo,Fighting with a black Anu!,http://en.wikiaves.com/175322,http://en.wikiaves.com/175322,South America,Amarildo Jordão,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,3,NA,NA,0,NA,NA,NA,"Quinn, J. S. and J. M. Startek-Foote (2020). Smooth-billed Ani (Crotophaga ani), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.smbani.01",Crotophaga ani,Crotophaga_ani
41,3480,Cuculidae,Crotophaga,ani,3477,Cuculidae,Guira,guira,threat,on.ground,side.oriented,side.oriented,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.side,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/635460)",both on ground facing each other,photo,Fighting with a black Anu!,http://en.wikiaves.com/169411,http://en.wikiaves.com/169411,South America,Amarildo Jordão,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,3,NA,NA,0,NA,NA,NA,"Quinn, J. S. and J. M. Startek-Foote (2020). Smooth-billed Ani (Crotophaga ani), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.smbani.01",Crotophaga ani,Crotophaga_ani
42,3483,Cuculidae,Tapera,naevia,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat.defense,on.perch,upside.down,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,partlyraised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,focal bird is threatening cuckoo who was singing in his territory,photo,"There was great doubt about which of the two to name the record, but tapera naevia prevailed. He was singing in a bush when he was violently attacked by the little man who defended the territory, he had to dive into the bush chased by the valiant aggressor, a unique scene! Três Bimas, photographic adventure guided by Edson Endrigo and in the company of Celuta Machado, Silvana Licco, Elsie Rotenberg, Daniel and Bertrando Campos. ",http://en.wikiaves.com/685015,http://en.wikiaves.com/685015,South America,Marco Guedes,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,NA,0,0,3,"Lowther, P. E. (2020). Striped Cuckoo (Tapera naevia), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.strcuc1.01",Tapera naevia,Tapera_naevia
43,4087,Columbidae,Streptopelia,capicola,3394,Musophagidae,Corythaixoides,concolor,threat,on.perch,side.oriented,side.oriented,raised.upward,underwing.forward,open.side,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,wing,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSV2JloH-u4,at feeder; display at 0:32s (and again at 0:33s); did not use tail from 0:32s because pushed up against post,video,Broken billed Grey Hornbill on Allen BirdCam 17 Nov '13 www.AllenBirdCam.com,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sChNNyDKylg,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sChNNyDKylg,Africa,Allen BirdCam,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,NA,0,3,"Baptista, L. F., P. W. Trail, H. M. Horblit, G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Ring-necked Dove (Streptopelia capicola), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rindov.01",Streptopelia capicola,Streptopelia_capicola
44,4264,Columbidae,Columbina,squammata,4294,Columbidae,Columbina,talpacoti,threat,on.ground,side.oriented,side.oriented,raised.upward,underwing.forward,closed.side,side.fanned,on.substrate,wing,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1640529); perhaps slightly less side-oriented",squaring off side-to-side on ground,photo,Fire Extinguished 'asado' with bean broth. Playing the chicken milet in the backyard.,http://en.wikiaves.com/3288137,http://en.wikiaves.com/3288137,South America,Douglas Fischer,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,NA,2,1,2,"Baptista, L. F., P. W. Trail, H. M. Horblit, A. Bonan, P. F. D. Boesman, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Scaled Dove (Columbina squammata), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.scadov1.01",Columbina squammata,Columbina_squammata
45,4286,Columbidae,Columbina,minuta,28789,Passeridae,Passer,domesticus,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,raised.upward,wing.horizontal,closed.forward,partlyraised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar to congener,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1640529)","at feeder, one wing raised, highlighting underwing",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1211846,http://en.wikiaves.com/1211846,South America,Julio Camargo,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,NA,NA,3,3,"Baptista, L. F., P. W. Trail, H. M. Horblit, G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Plain-breasted Ground Dove (Columbina minuta), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.pbgdov1.01",Columbina minuta,Columbina_minuta
46,4294,Columbidae,Columbina,talpacoti,4264,Columbidae,Columbina,squammata,threat,on.ground,side.oriented,side.oriented,raised.upward,underwing.forward,closed.side,not.visible,on.substrate,wing,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/239317)",squaring off side-to-side on ground,photo,Fire Extinguished 'asado' with bean broth. Playing the chicken milet in the backyard.,http://en.wikiaves.com/3288137,http://en.wikiaves.com/3288137,South America,Douglas Fischer,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,1,1,2,"Hart, J. A. (2020). Ruddy Ground Dove (Columbina talpacoti), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rugdov.01",Columbina talpacoti,Columbina_talpacoti
47,4294,Columbidae,Columbina,talpacoti,4409,Columbidae,Zenaida,auriculata,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,raised.upward,upperwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/239317); body orientation differs somewhat",defending food table,photo,The purple dove was chasing the flock pigeon for a long time without letting any other birds go to the feeder. That selfish flock pigeon ... Kkkkkkkk!,http://en.wikiaves.com/1002092,http://en.wikiaves.com/1002092,South America,Lorena Patrício,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,"Hart, J. A. (2020). Ruddy Ground Dove (Columbina talpacoti), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rugdov.01",Columbina talpacoti,Columbina_talpacoti
48,4294,Columbidae,Columbina,talpacoti,11390,Psittacidae,Brotogeris,tirica,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,raised.upward,wing.horizontal,closed.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/239317)",birds displaying at feeder,photo,Quarrel roll very funny !!,http://en.wikiaves.com/322636,http://en.wikiaves.com/322636,South America,Fabiola Campos,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,3,3,"Hart, J. A. (2020). Ruddy Ground Dove (Columbina talpacoti), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rugdov.01",Columbina talpacoti,Columbina_talpacoti
49,4294,Columbidae,Columbina,talpacoti,15777,Tyrannidae,Myiodynastes,maculatus,threat,on.perch,side.oriented,side.oriented,raised.upward,underwing.forward,closed.side,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,side,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/239317)",,photo,I was showing a lot of aggression towards the Good I saw you Rajado.,http://en.wikiaves.com/794884,http://en.wikiaves.com/794884,South America,Flávio Sousa,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,3,"Hart, J. A. (2020). Ruddy Ground Dove (Columbina talpacoti), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rugdov.01",Columbina talpacoti,Columbina_talpacoti
50,4294,Columbidae,Columbina,talpacoti,28789,Passeridae,Passer,domesticus,threat,in.water,side.oriented,side.oriented,raised.upward,upperwing.forward,closed.side,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,wing,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/239317)",,photo,It doesn't come that it doesn't have ...,http://en.wikiaves.com/614104,http://en.wikiaves.com/614104,South America,Thiago Calil,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,3,"Hart, J. A. (2020). Ruddy Ground Dove (Columbina talpacoti), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rugdov.01",Columbina talpacoti,Columbina_talpacoti
51,4294,Columbidae,Columbina,talpacoti,31641,Icteridae,Molothrus,bonariensis,threat,on.ground,side.oriented,forward.normal,raised.upward,upperwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/239317)","both on ground, cowbird retreating",photo,"I'm not sure about identification, I prefer not to take any chances.",http://en.wikiaves.com/2385635,http://en.wikiaves.com/2385635,South America,Luiz Vidal,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,3,2,"Hart, J. A. (2020). Ruddy Ground Dove (Columbina talpacoti), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rugdov.01",Columbina talpacoti,Columbina_talpacoti
52,4294,Columbidae,Columbina,talpacoti,33206,Thraupidae,Sicalis,flaveola,threat,on.ground,side.oriented,side.oriented,raised.upward,underwing.forward,closed.side,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,wing,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/508904)",,photo,The purple dove made movements with the wing showing aggressiveness to expel the true canaries (Sicalis flaveola) from the feeder and keep the food just for her.,http://en.wikiaves.com/2577811,http://en.wikiaves.com/2577811,South America,Marina Almeida,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,1,3,"Hart, J. A. (2020). Ruddy Ground Dove (Columbina talpacoti), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rugdov.01",Columbina talpacoti,Columbina_talpacoti
53,4402,Columbidae,Zenaida,macroura,19873,Corvidae,Cyanocitta,cristata,threat,on.perch,side.oriented,forward.normal,partially.spread,upperwing.forward,closed.forward,side.fanned,on.substrate,bill.wing,same,"Cornell Bird Cam video (e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goaHRdQbem8); Otis, D.L., Schulz, J.H., Miller, D., Mirarchi, R.E., Baskett, T.S. 2020. Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.moudov.01",at feeder; display at 0:47s,video,Relaxing Bird Watching: Blue Jay versus Mourning Dove,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-6rPWUz7fs,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-6rPWUz7fs,North America,Absolutely Adorable Studio,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,3,1,"Otis, D. L., J. H. Schulz, D. Miller, R. E. Mirarchi, and T. S. Baskett (2020). Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.moudov.01",Zenaida macroura,Zenaida_macroura
54,4402,Columbidae,Zenaida,macroura,19873,Corvidae,Cyanocitta,cristata,threat,on.perch,side.oriented,side.oriented,raised.upward,underwing.forward,closed.side,side.fanned,on.substrate,wing,same,"Cornell Bird Cam video (e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goaHRdQbem8); Otis, D.L., Schulz, J.H., Miller, D., Mirarchi, R.E., Baskett, T.S. 2020. Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.moudov.01",at feeder; display at 01:07s,video,Relaxing Bird Watching: Blue Jay versus Mourning Dove,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-6rPWUz7fs,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-6rPWUz7fs,North America,Absolutely Adorable Studio,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,3,2,"Otis, D. L., J. H. Schulz, D. Miller, R. E. Mirarchi, and T. S. Baskett (2020). Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.moudov.01",Zenaida macroura,Zenaida_macroura
55,5258,Rallidae,Porphyrio,martinica,5769,Jacanidae,Jacana,jacana,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,raised.upward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,raised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,different,"photos in WikiAves show use of legs in fights, or lower heads (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3558514)",Two gallinules apparently defending from a jacana which is not visible in photo,photo,Fighting with a jaçanã.,http://en.wikiaves.com/874753,http://en.wikiaves.com/874753,South America,Edgar Dal´osto,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,3,1,2,0,NA,0,1,"West, R. L. and G. K. Hess (2020). Purple Gallinule (Porphyrio martinica), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.purgal2.01",Porphyrio martinica,Porphyrio_martinica
56,5271,Rallidae,Gallinula,galeata,1450,Anatidae,Amazonetta,brasiliensis,threat.defense,in.water,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,closed.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://en.wikiaves.com/1861392); Bannor, B. K. and E. Kiviat (2002). Common Gallinule (Gallinula galeata), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bna.685",birds displaying in water,photo,Falling out with a red foot.,http://en.wikiaves.com/371061,http://en.wikiaves.com/371061,South America,Luciano Monferrari,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,0,NA,NA,0,0,"Bannor, B. K. and E. Kiviat (2020). Common Gallinule (Gallinula galeata), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.comgal1.01",Gallinula chloropus,Gallinula_chloropus
57,5271,Rallidae,Gallinula,galeata,7108,Ardeidae,Egretta,thula,threat,in.water,forward.normal,forward.normal,partially.spread,upperwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://en.wikiaves.com/2039855&tm=f&t=b&o=dp&desc=1&p=6); Bannor, B. K. and E. Kiviat (2002). Common Gallinule (Gallinula galeata), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bna.685","Egret plumes puffed out, crest raised as it defends from approaching gallinule",photo,MMA Heron X Moorhen!!!,http://en.wikiaves.com/763299,http://en.wikiaves.com/763299,South America,Vilde Eriberto Florencio,0,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,0,NA,NA,0,0,"Bannor, B. K. and E. Kiviat (2020). Common Gallinule (Gallinula galeata), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.comgal1.01",Gallinula chloropus,Gallinula_chloropus
58,5296,Rallidae,Fulica,atra,5969,Scolopacidae,two different species,,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/277035191,desribes run at 0:25s in the direction of both sandpipers,video,A bird foraging and gets into a fight with a Common Redshank and chased by a Common Coot.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/terek-sandpiper-xenus-cinereus/bird-foraging-and-gets-fight-common-redshank-and-chased,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/terek-sandpiper-xenus-cinereus/bird-foraging-and-gets-fight-common-redshank-and-chased,Europe,Yoël Jimenez,0,1,1,0,0,0,2,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,3,NA,NA,NA,0,"Taylor, B. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.eurcoo.01",Fulica atra,Fulica_atra
59,5341,Gruidae,Antigone,vipio,5354,Gruidae,Grus,monacha,threat.defense,on.ground,forward.normal,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"videos in The Internet Bird Collection (e.g., https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201390081)",hooded crane challenges white-naped crane; display at 0:03s (and elsewhere),video,An adult bird fighting with Hooded Crane adult.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/white-naped-crane-antigone-vipio/adult-bird-fighting-hooded-crane-adult,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/white-naped-crane-antigone-vipio/adult-bird-fighting-hooded-crane-adult,Asia,Josep del Hoyo,0,1,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,2,NA,NA,0,2,"Archibald, G.W., C.D. Meine, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). White-naped Crane (Antigone vipio), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whncra1.01",Grus vipio,Grus_vipio
60,5354,Gruidae,Grus,monacha,5341,Gruidae,Antigone,vipio,threat,on.ground,forward.normal,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,videos in The Internet Bird Collection (https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/hooded-crane-grus-monacha/several-birds-calling-and-fighting),hooded crane challenges white-naped crane; display at 0:03s (and elsewhere),video,An adult bird fighting with Hooded Crane adult.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/white-naped-crane-antigone-vipio/adult-bird-fighting-hooded-crane-adult,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/white-naped-crane-antigone-vipio/adult-bird-fighting-hooded-crane-adult,Asia,Josep del Hoyo,1,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,2,NA,NA,0,2,"Archibald, G.W., C.D. Meine, G. M. Kirwan, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Hooded Crane (Grus monacha), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.hoocra1.01",Grus monacha,Grus_monacha
61,5640,Charadriidae,Vanellus,chilensis,6901,Threskiornithidae,Phimosus,infuscatus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3934302); Santos, E. S. A. (2020). Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.soulap1.01",both on ground facing off,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/2399766,http://en.wikiaves.com/2399766,South America,Gabriel Gonzaga,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,1,2,"Santos, E. S. A. (2020). Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.soulap1.01",Vanellus chilensis,Vanellus_chilensis
62,5656,Charadriidae,Pluvialis,squatorola,5826,Scolopacidae,Limosa,haemastica,threat,in.air,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,hanging,bill,different,"intraspecific interactions are typically on the ground: Turpie, J.K. 195. Non-breeding territoriality: causes and consequences of seasonal and individual variation in grey plover Pluvialis squatarola behaviour. Journal of Animal Ecology 64: 429-438.; photos in Birds of the World","birds fighting on beach: L. haemastica on ground, with P. squatarola in air",photo,"L. haemastica, right, fighting with Pluvialis squatarola",http://en.wikiaves.com/734377,http://en.wikiaves.com/734377,South America,Alfredo Rocchi,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,0,3,0,NA,NA,3,0,"Poole, A. F., P. Pyle, M. A. Patten, and D. R. Paulson (2020). Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bkbplo.01",Pluvialis squatarola,Pluvialis_squatarola
63,5769,Jacanidae,Jacana,jacana,5960,Scolopacidae,Tringa,solitaria,threat,in.air,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2582342; http://en.wikiaves.com/2516645)","flying above the sandpiper, dangling feet",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/533250,http://en.wikiaves.com/533250,South America,Aluisio Ribeiro,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,"Jenni, D. A. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.watjac1.01",Jacana jacana,Jacana_jacana
64,5769,Jacanidae,Jacana,jacana,6912,Threskiornithidae,Plegadis,chihi,threat,in.air,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.notfanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2582342; http://en.wikiaves.com/2516645)","ibis on ground, jacana in air slightly higher than ibis",photo,Dispute between Jacana jacana and Plegadis chihi,http://en.wikiaves.com/2352090,http://en.wikiaves.com/2352090,South America,Philippe Mariano,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,"Jenni, D. A. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.watjac1.01",Jacana jacana,Jacana_jacana
65,5826,Scolopacidae,Limosa,haemastica,5656,Charadriidae,Pluvialis,squatorola,threat.defense,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves, some variation in wing position (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2548586)","birds fighting on beach: L. haemastica on ground, with P. squatarola in air",photo,"L. haemastica, right, fighting with Pluvialis squatarola",http://en.wikiaves.com/734377,http://en.wikiaves.com/734377,South America,Alfredo Rocchi,2,1,1,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,NA,0,3,1,"Walker, B. M., N. R. Senner, C. S. Elphick, and J. Klima (2020). Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.hudgod.01",Limosa haemastica,Limosa_haemastica
66,5884,Scolopacidae,Calidris,fuscicollis,5957,Scolopacidae,Actitis,macularius,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,closed.forward,raised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photo in WikiAves (e.g., https://en.wikiaves.com/2763014); Parmelee, D. F. (2020). White-rumped Sandpiper (Calidris fuscicollis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, P. R. Stettenheim, and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whrsan.01; photos in wikiavves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2763014)","White-rumped displaying to approaching Spotted; head bowed, rump elevated",photo,"The white-sandpiper returned to Vix, but found the territory occupied by the spotted sandpiper Actites macularius! There were minor differences between them but in the end they made up and even became friends!",http://en.wikiaves.com/1116511,http://en.wikiaves.com/1116511,South America,Jose Silverio Lemos,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,3,0,"Parmelee, D. F. (2020). White-rumped Sandpiper (Calidris fuscicollis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, P. R. Stettenheim, and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whrsan.01",Calidris fuscicollis,Calidris_fuscicollis
67,5950,Scolopacidae,Xenus,cinereus,5969,Scolopacidae,Tringa,totanus,threat,in.air,forward.normal,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,hanging,bill,unknown,NA,focal bird tries to supplant redshank; describing point at 0:17s in air,video,A bird foraging and gets into a fight with a Common Redshank and chased by a Common Coot.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/terek-sandpiper-xenus-cinereus/bird-foraging-and-gets-fight-common-redshank-and-chased,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/terek-sandpiper-xenus-cinereus/bird-foraging-and-gets-fight-common-redshank-and-chased,Europe,Yoël Jimenez,1,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,2,0,0,NA,3,0,"Van Gils, J., P. Wiersma, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.tersan.01",Xenus cinereus,Xenus_cinereus
68,5950,Scolopacidae,Xenus,cinereus,5969,Scolopacidae,Tringa,totanus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,focal bird tries to supplant redshank; describing point at 0:20s on ground just before redshank approaches,video,A bird foraging and gets into a fight with a Common Redshank and chased by a Common Coot.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/terek-sandpiper-xenus-cinereus/bird-foraging-and-gets-fight-common-redshank-and-chased,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/terek-sandpiper-xenus-cinereus/bird-foraging-and-gets-fight-common-redshank-and-chased,Europe,Yoël Jimenez,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,3,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,NA,3,0,"Van Gils, J., P. Wiersma, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.tersan.01",Xenus cinereus,Xenus_cinereus
69,5969,Scolopacidae,Tringa,totanus,5950,Scolopacidae,Xenus,cinereus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,different,video in The Internet Bird Collection (https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/common-redshank-tringa-totanus/bird-calling-flapping-its-wings-and-pursuing-another) shows bird displaying with open fluttering wings (similar to courtship display) and described as possibly trying to scare a conspecific away from its nest; see also https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/common-redshank-tringa-totanus/fight-between-two-males,focal bird chases off sandpiper after attempted supplant; describes point just before full run at 0:23s,video,A bird foraging and gets into a fight with a Common Redshank and chased by a Common Coot.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/terek-sandpiper-xenus-cinereus/bird-foraging-and-gets-fight-common-redshank-and-chased,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/terek-sandpiper-xenus-cinereus/bird-foraging-and-gets-fight-common-redshank-and-chased,Europe,Yoël Jimenez,0,2,1,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,NA,NA,3,0,"Van Gils, J., P. Wiersma, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Common Redshank (Tringa totanus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.comred1.01",Tringa totanus,Tringa_totanus
70,6093,Laridae,Chroicocephalus,cirrocephalus,6279,Laridae,Phaetusa,simplex,threat,in.air,feet.forward,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,extended,bill.feet,unknown,NA,displacement of sitting tern from air,photo,Not very good but I couldn't help but post this amazing moment!,http://en.wikiaves.com/637305,http://en.wikiaves.com/637305,South America,Gina Bellagamba,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,3,3,0,2,1,NA,NA,NA,1,"Burger, J., M. Gochfeld, G. M. Kirwan, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Gray-hooded Gull (Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grhgul.01",Larus cirrocephalus,Larus_cirrocephalus
71,6135,Laridae,Larus,dominicanus,6992,Ardeidae,Nycticorax,nycticorax,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,raised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., display components from http://en.wikiaves.com/1719952; http://en.wikiaves.com/499106)","on beach, displaying up at flying night-heron (either about to land, or retreating)",photo,"Fighting with a Larus. In the end, the food they were fighting for was just a piece of plastic",http://en.wikiaves.com/1750457,http://en.wikiaves.com/1750457,South America,Paulo Vianna,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,2,0,NA,NA,0,"Burger, J., M. Gochfeld, E. F. J. Garcia, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.kelgul.01",Larus dominicanus,Larus_dominicanus
72,6199,Laridae,Thalasseus,acuflavidus,6247,Laridae,Sterna,hirundinacea,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,similar,posture varies somewhat (e.g. http://en.wikiaves.com/361060&tm=f&t=b&o=dp&desc=1&o=dp; http://en.wikiaves.com/3242403),birds threatening eachother on the ground,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/708020,http://en.wikiaves.com/708020,South America,Guilherme Melo Becher,2,3,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,2,NA,NA,0,0,"Shealer, D., J. S. Liechty, A. R. Pierce, P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2020). Sandwich Tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.santer1.01",Sterna sandvicensis,Sterna_sandvicensis
73,6247,Laridae,Sterna,hirundinacea,6199,Laridae,Thalasseus,acuflavidus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,similar,"lots of variation in aggressive displays (Buckley, P. A. and F. G. Buckley (2002). Royal Tern (Thalasseus maximus), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bna.700); image: https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-south-american-terns-fighting-sterna-hirundinacea-valdez-peninsula-image01130143.html",birds threatening eachother on the ground,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/708020,http://en.wikiaves.com/708020,South America,Guilherme Melo Becher,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,3,NA,NA,NA,0,"Gochfeld, M., J. Burger, E. de Juana, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). South American Tern (Sterna hirundinacea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.soater1.01",Sterna hirundinacea,Sterna_hirundinacea
74,6402,Spheniscidae,Aptenodytes,patagonicus,1409,Anatidae,Chloephaga,picta,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.normal,raised.upward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEw2pVJp4ec (see signaling bird at back),pair threatening Upland Goose,photo,Two king penguins angry at upland goose getting too close,https://www.wildscreenexchange.org/stock-photo/two-king-penguins-angry-at-upland-goose-getting-too-close/search/detail-0_00025339.html,https://www.wildscreenexchange.org/stock-photo/two-king-penguins-angry-at-upland-goose-getting-too-close/search/detail-0_00025339.html,South America,Paul B. Jones,2,1,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,2,NA,NA,0,1,"Martínez, I., F. Jutglar, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.kinpen1.01",Aptenodytes patagonicus,Aptenodytes_patagonicus
75,6402,Spheniscidae,Aptenodytes,patagonicus,6418,Spheniscidae,Eudyptes,schlegeli,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,breast,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEw2pVJp4ec (see signaling bird at back),threatening each other,photo,"Royal Penguin (Eudyptes schlegeli) fighting with King Pinguin on Macquarie islands, Australia",https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/royal-penguin-eudyptes-schlegeli-fighting-king-1201177981,https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/royal-penguin-eudyptes-schlegeli-fighting-king-1201177981,Oceania,Agami Photo Agency,1,1,1,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,2,NA,NA,0,1,"Martínez, I., F. Jutglar, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.kinpen1.01",Aptenodytes patagonicus,Aptenodytes_patagonicus
76,6405,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,papua,6409,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,antarcticus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIqtZshXQrk (see signaling birds in background),threatening each other,photo,Antarctica Greenwich Island Chinstrap Pygoscelis antarctica Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua fight by Yankee Harbor,https://www.alamy.com/antarctica-greenwich-island-chinstrap-pygoscelis-antarctica-gentoo-image7523592.html,https://www.alamy.com/antarctica-greenwich-island-chinstrap-pygoscelis-antarctica-gentoo-image7523592.html,Antarctica,WorldFoto / Alamy Stock Photo,3,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,3,NA,NA,0,NA,"Martínez, I., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, E. F. J. Garcia, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.genpen1.01",Pygoscelis papua,Pygoscelis_papua
77,6405,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,papua,6409,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,antarcticus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIqtZshXQrk (see signaling birds in background),threatening each other at 0:16,video,Chinstrap & Gentoo Penguins in Antarctica,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lM02wDTiX34,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lM02wDTiX34,Antarctica,Sarah Culler,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,3,NA,NA,0,NA,"Martínez, I., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, E. F. J. Garcia, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.genpen1.01",Pygoscelis papua,Pygoscelis_papua
78,6405,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,papua,6409,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,antarcticus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIqtZshXQrk (see signaling birds in background),threatening,photo,"Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) and Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) fighting in the snow, Yankee Harbour, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica",https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/chinstrap-penguin-and-gentoo-penguin-fighting-in-the-snow-news-photo/584640382,https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/chinstrap-penguin-and-gentoo-penguin-fighting-in-the-snow-news-photo/584640382,Antarctica,Arterra/Universal Images Group via Getty Images,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,3,NA,NA,0,NA,"Martínez, I., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, E. F. J. Garcia, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.genpen1.01",Pygoscelis papua,Pygoscelis_papua
79,6405,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,papua,6409,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,antarcticus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIqtZshXQrk (see signaling birds in background),threatening each other,photo,A chinstrap penguin and gentoo penguin fighting at Port Lockroy.,http://suburbanfairytale.com/2011/02/,http://suburbanfairytale.com/2011/02/,Antarctica,Suburban Fairytale,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,3,NA,NA,0,NA,"Martínez, I., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, E. F. J. Garcia, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.genpen1.01",Pygoscelis papua,Pygoscelis_papua
80,6409,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,antarcticus,6405,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,papua,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkeamPZVhbQ (see signaling birds in background),threatening each other,photo,Antarctica Greenwich Island Chinstrap Pygoscelis antarctica Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua fight by Yankee Harbor,https://www.alamy.com/antarctica-greenwich-island-chinstrap-pygoscelis-antarctica-gentoo-image7523592.html,https://www.alamy.com/antarctica-greenwich-island-chinstrap-pygoscelis-antarctica-gentoo-image7523592.html,Antarctica,WorldFoto / Alamy Stock Photo,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,NA,NA,0,NA,"Martínez, I., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.chipen2.01",Pygoscelis antarcticus,Pygoscelis_antarcticus
81,6409,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,antarcticus,6405,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,papua,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkeamPZVhbQ (see signaling birds in background),threatening each other at 0:16,video,Chinstrap & Gentoo Penguins in Antarctica,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lM02wDTiX34,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lM02wDTiX34,Antarctica,Sarah Culler,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,NA,NA,0,NA,"Martínez, I., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.chipen2.01",Pygoscelis antarcticus,Pygoscelis_antarcticus
82,6409,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,antarcticus,6405,Spheniscidae,Pygoscelis,papua,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkeamPZVhbQ (see signaling birds in background),threatening each other,photo,A chinstrap penguin and gentoo penguin fighting at Port Lockroy.,http://suburbanfairytale.com/2011/02/,http://suburbanfairytale.com/2011/02/,Antarctica,Suburban Fairytale,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,NA,NA,0,NA,"Martínez, I., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.chipen2.01",Pygoscelis antarcticus,Pygoscelis_antarcticus
83,6418,Spheniscidae,Eudyptes,schlegeli,6402,Spheniscidae,Aptenodytes,patagonicus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.upright,partially.spread,wing.horizontal,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/208130671,threatening each other,photo,"Royal Penguin (Eudyptes schlegeli) fighting with King Pinguin on Macquarie islands, Australia",https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/royal-penguin-eudyptes-schlegeli-fighting-king-1201177981,https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/royal-penguin-eudyptes-schlegeli-fighting-king-1201177981,Oceania,Agami Photo Agency,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,2,NA,NA,0,0,"Martínez, I., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Royal Penguin (Eudyptes schlegeli), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.roypen1.01",Eudyptes schlegeli,Eudyptes_schlegeli
84,6476,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,antipodensis,6481,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,epomophora,threat,in.water,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Martin, P.R. and J.V. Briskie. 2021. Dominance interactions among New Zealand albatrosses and petrels at ecotourist boats. Notornis 68: 51-64. ",displacing incoming royal at 0:05s,video,none,PRM video,,Oceania,Paul Martin,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,3,0,NA,NA,1,0,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, G. M. Kirwan, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.wanalb.01",Diomedea antipodensis,Diomedea_antipodensis
85,6476,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,antipodensis,6493,Diomedeidae,Thalassarche,salvini,threat,in.water,forward.normal,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,raised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"more subdued: Martin, P.R. and J.V. Briskie. 2021. Dominance interactions among New Zealand albatrosses and petrels at ecotourist boats. Notornis 68: 51-64. ",displacing salvini from fish (0:02s),video,none,PRM video,,Oceania,Paul Martin,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,3,1,NA,NA,0,1,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, G. M. Kirwan, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.wanalb.01",Diomedea antipodensis,Diomedea_antipodensis
86,6476,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,antipodensis,6532,Procellariidae,Macronectes,halli,threat,in.water,forward.normal,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Martin, P.R. and J.V. Briskie. 2021. Dominance interactions among New Zealand albatrosses and petrels at ecotourist boats. Notornis 68: 51-64.; https://www.martingracephotography.com/media/f3951443-bbf6-4d9b-86e9-d8d7394251ec-two-wandering-albatross-diomedea-exulans-squabble-over-bait/share",displaying to giant-petrels at 0:08s,video,none,PRM video,,Oceania,Paul Martin,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,3,0,NA,NA,0,0,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, G. M. Kirwan, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.wanalb.01",Diomedea antipodensis,Diomedea_antipodensis
87,6476,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,antipodensis,6532,Procellariidae,Macronectes,halli,threat,in.water,forward.normal,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,raised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"more subdued: Martin, P.R. and J.V. Briskie. 2021. Dominance interactions among New Zealand albatrosses and petrels at ecotourist boats. Notornis 68: 51-64.; https://www.martingracephotography.com/media/f3951443-bbf6-4d9b-86e9-d8d7394251ec-two-wandering-albatross-diomedea-exulans-squabble-over-bait/share","displacing from fish; described example at 0:15s, but used several times in video",video,none,PRM video,,Oceania,Paul Martin,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,1,NA,NA,0,0,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, G. M. Kirwan, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.wanalb.01",Diomedea antipodensis,Diomedea_antipodensis
88,6481,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,epomophora,6487,Diomedeidae,Thalassarche,melanophris,threat,in.water,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,partlyraised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201457481,displacing Thalassarche from fish (0:14s),video,The Worlds Largest Sea Bird Royal Albatross,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z08HcAe4ck4,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z08HcAe4ck4,Oceania,freegraphy,3,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,3,2,NA,NA,0,0,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Royal Albatross (Diomedea epomophora), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.royalb1.01",Diomedea epomophora,Diomedea_epomophora
89,6481,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,epomophora,6489,Diomedeidae,Thalassarche,cauta,threat,in.water,forward.normal,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,partlyraised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201457481,"cauta retreating, epomophora displacing",photo,in between fish thrown from boat; cauta retreating,Macaulay Library 215088661,https://search.macaulaylibrary.org/catalog?catId=215088661,Oceania,Paul Martin,0,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,2,NA,NA,0,0,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Royal Albatross (Diomedea epomophora), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.royalb1.01",Diomedea epomophora,Diomedea_epomophora
90,6487,Diomedeidae,Thalassarche,melanophris,6495,Diomedeidae,Thalassarche,chlororhynchos,threat,in.water,forward.lowered,forward.normal,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,end of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=La0m4XoR8P4,displacing chlororhynchos from piece of fish,photo,"During a trip to photograph seabirds, in an event promoted by Seledon Turismo, with the guide Adrian Eisen Rupp, in the company of friends Maicon Mohr, Luísa Garcia Prado, Rubia Mohr and Beto, D. Ursula, Vanusa Möller and Vilson Wruck, and also my wife, Carmen Bays Figueiredo.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1751378,http://en.wikiaves.com/1751378,South America,Fernando Figueiredo,3,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,1,NA,NA,1,0,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Black-browed Albatross (Thalassarche melanophris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bkbalb.01",Thalassarche melanophrys,Thalassarche_melanophrys
91,6489,Diomedeidae,Thalassarche,cauta,6471,Diomedeidae,Phoebastria,nigripes,threat,in.water,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,partlyraised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3vFb6mT77U,forcing nigripes to drop an anchove,photo,"Adult Shy Albatross photographed on 24 August 1999 off Point Arena, California. Intimidating a Black-footed Albatross into dropping its live anchovy. ",Macaulay Library 21796411,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/21796411,North America,Angus Wilson,3,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,2,NA,NA,0,0,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-capped Albatross (Thalassarche cauta), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whcalb1.01",Thalassarche cauta,Thalassarche_cauta
92,6489,Diomedeidae,Thalassarche,cauta,6481,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,epomophora,threat.defense,in.water,forward.upright,forward.normal,partially.spread,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3vFb6mT77U,responding to being bitten by epomophora,photo,after biting White-capped Albatross,Macaulay Library 219079411,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/219079411,Oceania,Paul Martin,3,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,1,NA,NA,0,0,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-capped Albatross (Thalassarche cauta), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whcalb1.01",Thalassarche cauta,Thalassarche_cauta
93,6489,Diomedeidae,Thalassarche,cauta,6481,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,epomophora,threat.defense,in.water,side.oriented,forward.normal,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3vFb6mT77U,responding to being bitten by epomophora; turning to face the biter,photo,after biting White-capped Albatross,Macaulay Library 219084931,https://search.macaulaylibrary.org/catalog?catId=219084931,Oceania,Paul Martin,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,NA,NA,1,0,"del Hoyo, J., C. Carboneras, F. Jutglar, N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-capped Albatross (Thalassarche cauta), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whcalb1.01",Thalassarche cauta,Thalassarche_cauta
94,6532,Procellariidae,Macronectes,halli,6476,Diomedeidae,Diomedea,antipodensis,threat.defense,in.water,forward.normal,forward.normal,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.downward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"video in The Internet Bird Collection (https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/northern-giant-petrel-macronectes-halli/three-birds-showing-very-agressive-behaviour; possibly same focal individual); https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Os5VEvO1eOk; similar to display described for conspecific in Bretagnolle, V. 1988. Social behaviour of the Southern
Giant Petrel. Ostrich 59(3): 116-125. DOI: 10.1080/00306525.1988.9633712",focal bird is defending bait from albatross; head moving side-to-side (0:04s),video,An individual fighting whit an immature Antipodean Albatross to defend its feeding turn.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/northern-giant-petrel-macronectes-halli/individual-fighting-whit-immature-antipodean,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/northern-giant-petrel-macronectes-halli/individual-fighting-whit-immature-antipodean,Oceania,Josep del Hoyo,0,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,NA,NA,0,0,"Carboneras, C., F. Jutglar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Northern Giant-Petrel (Macronectes halli), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.norgip1.01",Macronectes halli,Macronectes_halli
95,6532,Procellariidae,Macronectes,halli,6487,Diomedeidae,two species,,threat,in.water,forward.normal,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"video in The Internet Bird Collection (https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/northern-giant-petrel-macronectes-halli/three-birds-showing-very-agressive-behaviour; possibly same focal individual); https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Os5VEvO1eOk; similar to display described for conspecific in Bretagnolle, V. 1988. Social behaviour of the Southern
Giant Petrel. Ostrich 59(3): 116-125. DOI: 10.1080/00306525.1988.9633712",challenging for fish; display begins at 0:35s,video,none,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z08HcAe4ck4,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z08HcAe4ck4,Oceania,freegraphy,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,NA,NA,0,3,"Carboneras, C., F. Jutglar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Northern Giant-Petrel (Macronectes halli), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.norgip1.01",Macronectes halli,Macronectes_halli
96,6723,Ciconiidae,Leptoptilos,crumenifer,7284,Accipitridae,Gyps,africanus,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,see intraspecific interactions in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjShpI89k6k,at carcass,photo,"Marabou stork with spread wings chasing off a vulture from a dead wildebeest, Tanzania stock photo",https://www.istockphoto.com/ca/photo/marabou-stork-with-spread-wings-chasing-off-a-vulture-from-a-dead-wildebeest-tanzania-gm1041779280-278908562,https://www.istockphoto.com/ca/photo/marabou-stork-with-spread-wings-chasing-off-a-vulture-from-a-dead-wildebeest-tanzania-gm1041779280-278908562,Africa,John Ceulemans,3,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,NA,0,1,"Neudamm, J. N. 1900. Die Vogel Afrikas. Smithsonian. Pp. 338. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13328",Leptoptilos crumeniferus,Leptoptilos_crumeniferus
97,6723,Ciconiidae,Leptoptilos,crumenifer,7303,Accipitridae,Torgos,tracheliotos,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,see intraspecific interactions in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjShpI89k6k,at carcass,photo,Lappet-faced vulture in conflict with marabou stork - Kenya,https://www.alamy.com/lappet-faced-vulture-in-conflict-with-marabou-stork-kenya-image279747960.html,https://www.alamy.com/lappet-faced-vulture-in-conflict-with-marabou-stork-kenya-image279747960.html,Africa,Michel & Christine Denis-Huot / Biosphoto,1,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,1,0,NA,0,1,"Neudamm, J. N. 1900. Die Vogel Afrikas. Smithsonian. Pp. 338. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13328",Leptoptilos crumeniferus,Leptoptilos_crumeniferus
98,6793,Phalacrocoracidae,Phalacrocorax,brasilianus,7081,Ardeidae,Ardea,alba,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,raised.upward,underwing.forward,open.forward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2040611)",fighting over perch; egret displaced cormorant; good displays by both (see also 224112),photo,Trying to take the biguá's space. And he did it!; Facing the heron that wanted to take its place. He ended up expelled.,http://en.wikiaves.com/224111,http://en.wikiaves.com/224111,South America,Santino Frezza,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,1,0,NA,0,0,"Rodewald and B. K. Keeney, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.neocor.02",Phalacrocorax brasilianus,Phalacrocorax_brasilianus
99,6851,Anhingidae,Anhinga,anhinga,7081,Ardeidae,Ardea,alba,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.upright,spread.outward,upperwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill.wing,same,"Frederick, P. C. and D. Siegel-Causey (2020). Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.anhing.01; photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://en.wikiaves.com/2163702)",juv egret displaying to adult anhinga at mixed breeding colony,photo,"There are many birds and species living in a small space. Quite a fight in the nursery of Ponte Nova, a small island in the Tietê River without access, can only be observed from above the bridge. At this time of year, several species take advantage of the safety and lack of access to the island to breed and care for the young. You can watch this spectacle of nature for hours.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1973488,http://en.wikiaves.com/1973488,South America,Pedro Perez,1,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,"Frederick, P. C. and D. Siegel-Causey (2020). Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.anhing.01",Anhinga anhinga,Anhinga_anhinga
100,6891,Threskiornithidae,Theristicus,caudatus,5640,Charadriidae,Vanellus,chilensis,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,upperwing.forward,closed.downward,partlyraised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/408498)","displaying to lapwing, wings, tail elevated, head lowered",photo,get out of my territory now !!!,http://en.wikiaves.com/1239558,http://en.wikiaves.com/1239558,South America,Edson Lopes,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,2,NA,1,0,1,"Matheu, E., J. del Hoyo, E. F. J. Garcia, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Buff-necked Ibis (Theristicus caudatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bunibi1.01",Theristicus caudatus,Theristicus_caudatus
101,6901,Threskiornithidae,Phimosus,infuscatus,5640,Charadriidae,Vanellus,chilensis,threat.defense,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.downward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill.wing,same,"photos in WikiAves  (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3410515)",Ibis defending from bird approching in air,photo,Bare-faced Ibis ,http://en.wikiaves.com/763555,http://en.wikiaves.com/763555,South America,Carlos Valle,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,3,NA,NA,0,NA,0,0,"Matamala, M., A. Echeverri, I. Medina, E. N. Salazar Gómez, V. Alarcón, and C. D. Cadena (2020). Bare-faced Ibis (Phimosus infuscatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bafibi1.01",Phimosus infuscatus,Phimosus_infuscatus
102,6901,Threskiornithidae,Phimosus,infuscatus,5640,Charadriidae,Vanellus,chilensis,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.normal,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.downward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves  (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3410515)",both on ground facing off,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/2399766,http://en.wikiaves.com/2399766,South America,Gabriel Gonzaga,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,NA,NA,0,NA,0,0,"Matamala, M., A. Echeverri, I. Medina, E. N. Salazar Gómez, V. Alarcón, and C. D. Cadena (2020). Bare-faced Ibis (Phimosus infuscatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bafibi1.01",Phimosus infuscatus,Phimosus_infuscatus
103,6912,Threskiornithidae,Plegadis,chihi,5769,Jacanidae,Jacana,jacana,threat,on.ground,forward.normal,forward.upright,partially.spread,upperwing.forward,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1239891); Ryder, R. A. and D. E. Manry (2020). White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whfibi.01","ibis on ground, jacana in air slightly higher than ibis",photo,Dispute between Jacana jacana and Plegadis chihi,http://en.wikiaves.com/2352090,http://en.wikiaves.com/2352090,South America,Philippe Mariano,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,"Ryder, R. A. and D. E. Manry (2020). White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whfibi.01",Plegadis chihi,Plegadis_chihi
104,6934,Ardeidae,Tigrisoma,lineatum,6691,Ciconiidae,Mycteria,americana,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.upward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill.throat.neck,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/124226)","amazing bill-pointed-to-sky display, with neck inflated/ruffled to look thick",photo,"Playing a perch with a huge dry head [wood stork]. 2/2 - Immediately Socó Boi stretched all over, I don't know whether to compare its size or to show the dry head that it didn't like the intrusion. Fortunately everything ended well.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1043676,http://en.wikiaves.com/1043676,South America,Luiz Moschini De Souza,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,0,2,0,0,"Martínez-Vilalta, A., A. Motis, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Rufescent Tiger-Heron (Tigrisoma lineatum), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.ruther1.01",Tigrisoma lineatum,Tigrisoma_lineatum
105,6934,Ardeidae,Tigrisoma,lineatum,6691,Ciconiidae,Mycteria,americana,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill.neck,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/133036)",different posture than 1043676,photo,"Playing a perch with a huge dry head [wood stork]. 2/2 - Immediately Socó Boi stretched all over, I don't know whether to compare its size or to show the dry head that it didn't like the intrusion. Fortunately everything ended well.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1074772,http://en.wikiaves.com/1074772,South America,Luiz Moschini De Souza,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,0,2,0,0,"Martínez-Vilalta, A., A. Motis, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Rufescent Tiger-Heron (Tigrisoma lineatum), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.ruther1.01",Tigrisoma lineatum,Tigrisoma_lineatum
106,7046,Ardeidae,Ardeola,ralloides,7108,Ardeidae,Egretta,thula,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,raised.upward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,similar,"Cramp, S. 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Volume 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK; describes similar display, but doesn't mention wings held up above back.; e.g., https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-pair-squacco-herons-fighting-water-grass-reeds-ardeola-ralloides-over-reed-plants-river-image93098160","vagrant, displaying at egret that appears not to respond; other photos (also on youtube) show it chasing snowy egrets",photo,"Credits to José Amaya for the ""discovery"" of rarity. I gathered, on video, some photos that depict the visitor's battles for the new territory \: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9u9Sil4Vtg",http://en.wikiaves.com/2918647,http://en.wikiaves.com/2918647,South America,Almir Tavora,0,0,3,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,3,0,1,1,0,NA,"Martínez-Vilalta, A., A. Motis, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Squacco Heron (Ardeola ralloides), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.squher1.01",Ardeola ralloides,Ardeola_ralloides
107,7058,Ardeidae,Ardea,cinerea,7870,Accipitridae,Buteo,buteo,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Tomlinson, D.N.S. 1974. Studies of the Purple Heron, Part 2: Behaviour patterns. Ostrich 45: 209-223.; photo: https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/grey-heron-ardea-cinerea-two-rivals-dispute-over-the-best-hunting-ground-the-herons-at-sunset-dam-use-the-back-of-the-usually-unconcerned-hippopotamus/C43-1619226","trying to displace hawk from carrion; description of forward display when trying to displace (e.g., 0:13s)",video,"Grey heron fights common buzzard / czapla siwa i myszo?ów / Canon 400mm 5.6 , Canon 7D / bird fight",https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73d1exi0RJY,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73d1exi0RJY,Europe,Adam Fichna,0,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,2,NA,NA,0,2,"Martínez-Vilalta, A., A. Motis, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Gray Heron (Ardea cinerea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.graher1.01",Ardea cinerea,Ardea_cinerea
108,7058,Ardeidae,Ardea,cinerea,7870,Accipitridae,Buteo,buteo,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Tomlinson, D.N.S. 1974. Studies of the Purple Heron, Part 2: Behaviour patterns. Ostrich 45: 209-223.; photo: https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/great-blue-heron-ardea-herodias-interacting-in-stick-nest-at-rookery-wakodahatchee-wetland-preserve-boynton-beach-fl-usa/K29-478177/1","trying to displace hawk from carrion; description of upward display (e.g., 0:34s)",video,"Grey heron fights common buzzard / czapla siwa i myszo?ów / Canon 400mm 5.6 , Canon 7D / bird fight",https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73d1exi0RJY,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73d1exi0RJY,Europe,Adam Fichna,0,0,2,2,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,2,NA,NA,0,2,"Martínez-Vilalta, A., A. Motis, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Gray Heron (Ardea cinerea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.graher1.01",Ardea cinerea,Ardea_cinerea
109,7063,Ardeidae,Ardea,herodias,7081,Ardeidae,Ardea,alba,threat,in.water,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Vennesland, R. G. and R. W. Butler (2011). Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org/10.2173/bna.25","herodias periodically displacing arda on foot; description of display while walking at egret (e.g., 01:58)",video,"repeated displacing, Dear Lake State Park, Florida, USA",https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJmKJNpmf9Q&t=8s,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJmKJNpmf9Q&t=8s,North America,Caroling Geary,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,"Vennesland, R. G. and R. W. Butler (2020). Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grbher3.01",Ardea herodias,Ardea_herodias
110,7063,Ardeidae,Ardea,herodias,7081,Ardeidae,Ardea,alba,threat,on.ground,forward.normal,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Vennesland, R. G. and R. W. Butler (2011). Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org/10.2173/bna.25; image: https://www.alamy.com/great-blue-herons-ardea-herodias-fighting-for-food-amsterdam-the-netherlands-image230629336.html","herodias periodically displacing arda on foot; description of display running with wings open at egret (e.g., 02:29)",video,"repeated displacing, Dear Lake State Park, Florida, USA",https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJmKJNpmf9Q&t=8s,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJmKJNpmf9Q&t=8s,North America,Caroling Geary,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,"Vennesland, R. G. and R. W. Butler (2020). Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grbher3.01",Ardea herodias,Ardea_herodias
111,7069,Ardeidae,Ardea,cocoi,7081,Ardeidae,Ardea,alba,threat,in.water,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill.neck,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1893175)","cocoi appears to have just landed, crest erect, wings out; alba is retreating with a fish in its bill",photo,"Heron Moura is chasing a Great White Heron, which has just snapped a fish.",http://en.wikiaves.com/220548,http://en.wikiaves.com/220548,South America,Normando Rodrigues,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,3,0,NA,1,2,"Martínez-Vilalta, A., A. Motis, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Cocoi Heron (Ardea cocoi), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.cocher1.01",Ardea cocoi,Ardea_cocoi
112,7075,Ardeidae,Ardea,goliath,7700,Accipitridae,Haliaeetus,vocifer,threat.defense,in.water,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Tomlinson, D.N.S. 1974. Studies of the Purple Heron, Part 2: Behaviour patterns. Ostrich 45: 209-223.; illustrations therein",defending fish against eagle; description of display at 03:41s (and elsewhere),video,Goliath Heron vs African Fish Eagle,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_c24Tqx8SyQ,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_c24Tqx8SyQ,Africa,Brad's World Reptiles,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,1,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,0,NA,2,1,2,"Martínez-Vilalta, A., A. Motis, D. A. Christie, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Goliath Heron (Ardea goliath), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.golher1.01",Ardea goliath,Ardea_goliath
113,7081,Ardeidae,Ardea,alba,6793,Phalacrocoracidae,Phalacrocorax,brasilianus,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.normal,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/587638)",fighting over perch; egret displaced cormorant; good displays by both (see also 224111),photo,Trying to take the biguá's space. And he did it!; Facing the heron that wanted to take its place. He ended up expelled.,http://en.wikiaves.com/224112,http://en.wikiaves.com/224112,South America,Santino Frezza,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,NA,NA,0,"McCrimmon Jr., D. A., J. C. Ogden, G. T. Bancroft, A. Martínez-Vilalta, A. Motis, G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Great Egret (Ardea alba), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.greegr.01",Casmerodius albus,Casmerodius_albus
114,7081,Ardeidae,Ardea,alba,6851,Anhingidae,Anhinga,anhinga,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/587638)",juv egret displaying to adult anhinga at mixed breeding colony,photo,"There are many birds and species living in a small space. Quite a fight in the nursery of Ponte Nova, a small island in the Tietê River without access, can only be observed from above the bridge. At this time of year, several species take advantage of the safety and lack of access to the island to breed and care for the young. You can watch this spectacle of nature for hours.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1973488,http://en.wikiaves.com/1973488,South America,Pedro Perez,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,NA,NA,0,"McCrimmon Jr., D. A., J. C. Ogden, G. T. Bancroft, A. Martínez-Vilalta, A. Motis, G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Great Egret (Ardea alba), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.greegr.01",Casmerodius albus,Casmerodius_albus
115,7107,Ardeidae,Egretta,caerulea,7108,Ardeidae,Egretta,thula,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Rodgers Jr., J. A. and H. T. Smith (2020). Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.libher.01; photo: https://www.alamy.com/little-blue-heron-egretta-caerulea-adult-two-fighting-with-common-gallinule-gallinula-galeata-cachinnans-florida-usa-image276270592.html","on perch, displaying towards snowy egret about to land nearby",photo,fighting with a little egret for a branch,http://en.wikiaves.com/1411244,http://en.wikiaves.com/1411244,South America,Hervé Girard,1,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,NA,0,0,"Rodgers Jr., J. A. and H. T. Smith (2020). Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.libher.01",Egretta caerulea,Egretta_caerulea
116,7108,Ardeidae,Egretta,thula,5271,Rallidae,Gallinula,galeata,threat.defense,in.water,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"Parsons, K. C. and T. L. Master (2000). Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.489; photo: https://en.wikiaves.com/3840343&tm=f&t=b&o=dp&desc=1&o=dp","Egret plumes puffed out, crest raised as it defends from approaching gallinule",photo,MMA Heron X Moorhen!!!,http://en.wikiaves.com/763299,http://en.wikiaves.com/763299,South America,Vilde Eriberto Florencio,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,1,NA,NA,NA,0,"Parsons, K. C. and T. L. Master (2020). Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.snoegr.01",Egretta thula,Egretta_thula
117,7108,Ardeidae,Egretta,thula,7107,Ardeidae,Egretta,caerulea,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.downward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1373740) Parsons, K. C. and T. L. Master (2000). Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.489","both in wetland standing, caerulea retreating, thula posturing",photo,In a small territorial dispute with a small white heron!,http://en.wikiaves.com/3101629,http://en.wikiaves.com/3101629,South America,Marcelo Vinicius,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,3,0,NA,NA,NA,1,"Parsons, K. C. and T. L. Master (2020). Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.snoegr.01",Egretta thula,Egretta_thula
118,7164,Cathartidae,Coragyps,atratus,7159,Cathartidae,Cathartes,burrovianus,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.downward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill.forehead,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/807112)",birds displaying on reeds; C. atratus is a bit above,photo,They disputed space over food.,http://en.wikiaves.com/355108,http://en.wikiaves.com/355108,South America,Romulo Campos,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,NA,3,0,0,NA,NA,0,0,"Buckley, N. J. (2020). Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.blkvul.01",Coragyps atratus,Coragyps_atratus
119,7188,Accipitridae,Elanus,leucurus,7785,Accipitridae,Geranoaetus,albicaudatus,threat,in.air,above,forward.normal,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"Dunk, J. R. (2020). White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whtkit.01; photos in wikiaves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/388974)","both in air, kite above, hawk below flying but turning to look back",photo,"White-tailed hawk fighting with a sieve hawk. It was all very fast, I was resting when I heard a noise practically on the roof, I ran and by sheer luck managed to take this and other photos right above my head.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1793062,http://en.wikiaves.com/1793062,South America,André Mendes,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,1,1,2,2,NA,NA,0,2,"Dunk, J. R. (2020). White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whtkit.01",Elanus leucurus,Elanus_leucurus
120,7241,Accipitridae,Elanoides,forficatus,11177,Falconidae,Falco,femoralis,threat.defense,in.air,upside.down,forward.lowered,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4237835)","falcon above, kite turning to face falcon upside down",photo,"scissor-hawk x collared hawk. Today 10/13, photo taken in a hurry, did not give much time.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1869483,http://en.wikiaves.com/1869483,South America,Ivan Rocha,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,0,NA,0,0,"Meyer, K. D. (2020). Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.swtkit.01",Elanoides forficatus,Elanoides_forficatus
121,7302,Accipitridae,Torgos,tracheliotos,7284,Accipitridae,Gyps,africanus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.downward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill.head,same,"König, C. 1983. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for food among Old World Vultures. Vulture Biology and Management. University of California Press.; photos in: https://www.wildimages-phototours.com/why-the-world-needs-vultures/","first posture after landing on hippo carcass, with head down and wings out",video,vultures feeding on dead hippopotamus,"youtube (now removed, no link) (""vulture.clip"")",removed,Africa,African Adventures,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,1,2,0,NA,2,1,"Kemp, A. C., D. A. Christie, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.lafvul1.01",Torgos tracheliotos,Torgos_tracheliotos
122,7302,Accipitridae,Torgos,tracheliotos,7284,Accipitridae,Gyps,africanus,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,partially.spread,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"König, C. 1983. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for food among Old World Vultures. Vulture Biology and Management. University of California Press.; photos included",second posture sitting upright on top of hippo head,video,vultures feeding on dead hippopotamus,"youtube (now removed, no link) (""vulture.clip"")",removed,Africa,African Adventures,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,3,0,NA,0,1,"Kemp, A. C., D. A. Christie, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.lafvul1.01",Torgos tracheliotos,Torgos_tracheliotos
123,7302,Accipitridae,Torgos,tracheliotos,7284,Accipitridae,Gyps,africanus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"König, C. 1983. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for food among Old World Vultures. Vulture Biology and Management. University of California Press.; photos included","third posture when displacing white-backeds from the carcass hole, with flight down and open bill",video,vultures feeding on dead hippopotamus,"youtube (now removed, no link) (""vulture.clip"")",removed,Africa,African Adventures,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,3,0,NA,1,0,"Kemp, A. C., D. A. Christie, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.lafvul1.01",Torgos tracheliotos,Torgos_tracheliotos
124,7302,Accipitridae,Torgos,tracheliotos,7284,Accipitridae,Gyps,africanus,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,underwing.forward,closed.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"König, C. 1983. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for food among Old World Vultures. Vulture Biology and Management. University of California Press.; photos included","bird bounding in with wings partially spread, then fully spread when displacing at carcass; description of initial posture at 0:06s",video,"vultures feeding on carcass; Idube Game Reserve, South Africa",https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd5LjkGFOjs,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd5LjkGFOjs,Africa,Idube Game Reserve,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,2,0,NA,0,0,"Kemp, A. C., D. A. Christie, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.lafvul1.01",Torgos tracheliotos,Torgos_tracheliotos
125,7302,Accipitridae,Torgos,tracheliotos,7284,Accipitridae,Gyps,africanus,threat,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,partially.spread,underwing.forward,closed.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"König, C. 1983. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for food among Old World Vultures. Vulture Biology and Management. University of California Press.; photos included","bird bounding in with wings partially spread, then fully spread when displacing at carcass; description of upright posture at 0:12s",video,"vultures feeding on carcass; Idube Game Reserve, South Africa",https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd5LjkGFOjs,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd5LjkGFOjs,Africa,Idube Game Reserve,0,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,2,1,2,0,NA,0,0,"Kemp, A. C., D. A. Christie, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.lafvul1.01",Torgos tracheliotos,Torgos_tracheliotos
126,7302,Accipitridae,Torgos,tracheliotos,7284,Accipitridae,Gyps,africanus,threat,on.ground,forward.normal,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"König, C. 1983. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for food among Old World Vultures. Vulture Biology and Management. University of California Press.; photos included","bird bounding in with wings partially spread, then fully spread when displacing at carcass; description of open-wing posture at 0:28s",video,"vultures feeding on carcass; Idube Game Reserve, South Africa",https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd5LjkGFOjs,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd5LjkGFOjs,Africa,Idube Game Reserve,0,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,1,2,0,NA,0,0,"Kemp, A. C., D. A. Christie, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.lafvul1.01",Torgos tracheliotos,Torgos_tracheliotos
127,7700,Accipitridae,Haliaeetus,vocifer,7075,Ardeidae,Ardea,goliath,threat,on.ground,forward.normal,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"BBC Natural History Unit. 2009. Nature's Great Events. Episode 5. Bristol, UK.","attacking, trying to secure fish; description of display on ground at 4:13s (and elsewhere)",video,Goliath Heron vs African Fish Eagle,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_c24Tqx8SyQ,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_c24Tqx8SyQ,Africa,Brad's World Reptiles,1,1,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,2,1,NA,0,0,NA,"Kemp, A. C. and J. S. Marks (2020). African Fish-Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.affeag1.01",Haliaeetus vocifer,Haliaeetus_vocifer
128,7700,Accipitridae,Haliaeetus,vocifer,7075,Ardeidae,Ardea,goliath,threat,in.air,feet.forward,held.back.upward,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,extended,feet,same,"BBC Natural History Unit. 2009. Nature's Great Events. Episode 5. Bristol, UK.","attacking, trying to secure fish; description of display in air at 5:29s",video,Goliath Heron vs African Fish Eagle,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_c24Tqx8SyQ,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_c24Tqx8SyQ,Africa,Brad's World Reptiles,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,1,1,2,NA,1,0,NA,"Kemp, A. C. and J. S. Marks (2020). African Fish-Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.affeag1.01",Haliaeetus vocifer,Haliaeetus_vocifer
129,7709,Accipitridae,Haliaeetus,pelagicus,7703,Accipitridae,Haliaeetus,albicilla,threat,in.air,feet.forward,held.back.upward,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6VOHdF_9Wo,displacing albicilla from fish; description of posture at 7:35s (and elsewhere),video,Steller's Sea Eagle,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0aGmiPZO18&t=304s,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0aGmiPZO18&t=304s,Asia,Ray H,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,3,3,2,2,2,NA,NA,0,NA,"Meyburg, B.-U., G. M. Kirwan, and D. A. Christie (2020). Steller's Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.stseag.01",Haliaeetus pelagicus,Haliaeetus_pelagicus
130,7754,Accipitridae,Buteogallus,meridionalis,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,threat.defense,in.air,upside.down,side.oriented,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,open.side,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3279718)","fighting in mid air, caracara above, savanna hawk upside down and below",photo,"It was really cool to watch Caracará attacking Gavião caboclo, too bad it was too fast, but it was worth it!",http://en.wikiaves.com/2524716,http://en.wikiaves.com/2524716,South America,Maurício Poletti,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,NA,1,0,1,"Bierregaard, R. O. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.savhaw1.01",Buteogallus meridionalis,Buteogallus_meridionalis
131,7766,Accipitridae,Rupornis,magnirostris,9868,Ramphastidae,Ramphastos,dicholorus,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,raised.upward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2585499)",responding to toucans flying toward it; really showing underwing of right wing and upperwing of left wing,photo,"The green-billed toucans were feeding on an avocado tree until they decided to take a nap in a nearby araucaria, which the hawk did not like at all.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1771043,http://en.wikiaves.com/1771043,South America,Antonio Carlos Iglesias,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,NA,1,3,2,"Bierregaard, R. O., P. F. D. Boesman, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.roahaw.01",Buteo magnirostris,Buteo_magnirostris
132,7766,Accipitridae,Rupornis,magnirostris,9868,Ramphastidae,Ramphastos,dicholorus,threat.defense,in.air,feet.forward,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2585499)",responding to toucans flying toward  it,photo,"The green-billed toucans were feeding on an avocado tree until they decided to take a nap in a nearby araucaria, which the hawk did not like at all.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1771049,http://en.wikiaves.com/1771049,South America,Antonio Carlos Iglesias,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,NA,0,3,3,"Bierregaard, R. O., P. F. D. Boesman, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.roahaw.01",Buteo magnirostris,Buteo_magnirostris
133,7785,Accipitridae,Geranoaetus,albicaudatus,7762,Accipitridae,Buteogallus,coronatus,threat,in.air,feet.forward,forward.normal,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3599486)","attacking chaco eagle from above, talons extended",photo,To register the species in another city in the region. Individual being attacked by Buteo albicaudatus. Note the size of the Harpyhaliaetus individual compared to B. albicaudatus. This animal is too big!,http://en.wikiaves.com/158521,http://en.wikiaves.com/158521,South America,Kassius Santos,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,2,0,"Farquhar, C. C. (2020). White-tailed Hawk (Geranoaetus albicaudatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whthaw.01",Buteo albicaudatus,Buteo_albicaudatus
134,7854,Accipitridae,Buteo,lagopus,8173,Strigidae,Bubo,scandiacus,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,raised.upward,wing.horizontal,not.visible,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"video (e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlkkqVTrBsM)",responding to owl; description of posture at 0:48s on post,photo,Snowy Owl vs Rough-legged Hawk; About a month ago I was out in the countryside looking for my favorite birds of prey to photograph.,http://vimeo.com/17630243,https://vimeo.com/17630243,North America,riknash,0,0,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,3,0,"Bechard, M. J., T. R. Swem, J. Orta, P. F. D. Boesman, E. F. J. Garcia, and J. S. Marks (2020). Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rolhaw.01",Buteo lagopus,Buteo_lagopus
135,7854,Accipitridae,Buteo,lagopus,8173,Strigidae,Bubo,scandiacus,threat.defense,on.ground,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,not.visible,extended,feet,same,"video (e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlkkqVTrBsM)",responding to owl; description of posture around 0:56s on ground,photo,Snowy Owl vs Rough-legged Hawk; About a month ago I was out in the countryside looking for my favorite birds of prey to photograph.,http://vimeo.com/17630243,https://vimeo.com/17630243,North America,riknash,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,3,0,"Bechard, M. J., T. R. Swem, J. Orta, P. F. D. Boesman, E. F. J. Garcia, and J. S. Marks (2020). Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rolhaw.01",Buteo lagopus,Buteo_lagopus
136,7870,Accipitridae,Buteo,buteo,7058,Ardeidae,Ardea,cinerea,threat.defense,in.air,feet.forward,forward.normal,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnMTq8rqX5M; https://www.shutterstock.com/search/common+buzzards+fight,attacking heron that was trying to usurp carrion; description of posture at 3:06s,video,"Grey heron fights common buzzard / czapla siwa i myszo?ów / Canon 400mm 5.6 , Canon 7D / bird fight",https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73d1exi0RJY,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73d1exi0RJY,Europe,Adam Fichna,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,1,1,NA,0,2,0,"Orta, J., P. F. D. Boesman, J. S. Marks, and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.combuz1.01",Buteo buteo,Buteo_buteo
137,8173,Strigidae,Bubo,scandiacus,7854,Accipitridae,Buteo,lagopus,threat,in.air,feet.forward,forward.normal,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"Holt, D. W., M. D. Larson, N. Smith, D. L. Evans, and D. F. Parmelee (2020). Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.snoowl1.01; photo: https://www.treehugger.com/photos-celebrating-the-snowy-owl-irruption-4862163",displacing lagopus from perch; description of posture at 0:51s,photo,Snowy Owl vs Rough-legged Hawk; About a month ago I was out in the countryside looking for my favorite birds of prey to photograph.,http://vimeo.com/17630243,https://vimeo.com/17630243,North America,riknash,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,3,0,NA,NA,0,0,"Holt, D. W., M. D. Larson, N. Smith, D. L. Evans, and D. F. Parmelee (2020). Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.snoowl1.01",Bubo scandiaca,Bubo_scandiaca
138,8173,Strigidae,Bubo,scandiacus,7854,Accipitridae,Buteo,lagopus,threat,on.ground,feet.forward,forward.normal,spread.outward,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.notfanned,extended,feet,same,"Holt, D. W., M. D. Larson, N. Smith, D. L. Evans, and D. F. Parmelee (2020). Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.snoowl1.01; photo: https://www.treehugger.com/photos-celebrating-the-snowy-owl-irruption-4862163",displacing lagopus from perch; description of posture at 0:56s on ground,photo,Snowy Owl vs Rough-legged Hawk; About a month ago I was out in the countryside looking for my favorite birds of prey to photograph.,http://vimeo.com/17630243,https://vimeo.com/17630243,North America,riknash,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,NA,NA,1,0,"Holt, D. W., M. D. Larson, N. Smith, D. L. Evans, and D. F. Parmelee (2020). Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.snoowl1.01",Bubo scandiaca,Bubo_scandiaca
139,8680,Coliidae,Urocolius,indicus,26352,Sturnidae,Lamprotornis,nitens,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,at feeding table; display at 2:33s,video,Two Red-faced Mousebirds on Allen BirdCam 2 Oct '13 www.AllenBirdCam.com,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZWIY5l4v48,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZWIY5l4v48,Africa,Allen BirdCam,1,0,2,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,3,0,"de Juana, E. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Red-faced Mousebird (Urocolius indicus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.refmou1.01",Urocolius indicus,Urocolius_indicus
140,8857,Phoeniculidae,Phoeniculus,purpureus,24433,Leiothrichidae,Turdoides,jardineii,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,at feeding table; display at 2:50s,video,Green Wood hoopoe's (Red-billed Woodhoopoe's) on Allen BirdCam 19 Aug '13,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQwGDnLqqJo,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQwGDnLqqJo,Africa,Allen BirdCam,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,2,NA,0,NA,"Ligon, J. D. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Green Woodhoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grewoo2.01",Phoeniculus purpureus,Phoeniculus_purpureus
141,9417,Alcedinidae,Chloroceryle,inda,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,raised.upward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,on branch with kiskadee flying toward it,photo,"Despite the branches and vines, I witnessed a fierce fight for piaba between a kingfisher (who came out victorious) and a brave Bem-te-vi!",http://en.wikiaves.com/1712472,http://en.wikiaves.com/1712472,South America,Kennedy Borges-Road,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,"Woodall, P. F. (2020). Green-and-rufous Kingfisher (Chloroceryle inda), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.garkin1.01",Chloroceryle inda,Chloroceryle_inda
142,9420,Alcedinidae,Chloroceryle,americana,9607,Galbulidae,Galbula,ruficauda,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.upright,partially.spread,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,standoff on branch,photo,"threat displays in standoff; Redenção, Pará, Brasil",http://en.wikiaves.com/766892&p=10&t=b,http://en.wikiaves.com/766892&p=10&t=b,South America,Gilmar Leal,0,1,2,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,"Moskoff, W. (2020). Green Kingfisher (Chloroceryle americana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grnkin.01",Chloroceryle americana,Chloroceryle_americana
143,9607,Galbulidae,Galbula,ruficauda,9420,Alcedinidae,Chloroceryle,americana,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,different,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3523889)",standoff on branch,photo,"threat displays in standoff; Redenção, Pará, Brasil",http://en.wikiaves.com/766892&p=10&t=b,http://en.wikiaves.com/766892&p=10&t=b,South America,Gilmar Leal,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,3,0,0,0,"Chaine, N. M. (2020). Rufous-tailed Jacamar (Galbula ruficauda), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rutjac1.01",Galbula ruficauda,Galbula_ruficauda
144,9656,Bucconidae,Nystalus,chacuru,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3927417) show that bill is highlighted","puffbird sitting on wire, opening bill at kiskadee; not sure if kiskadee is landing on wire above, or flying away",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/267309,http://en.wikiaves.com/267309,South America,Joelma do Couto,2,1,2,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,"Rasmussen, P. C., N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-eared Puffbird (Nystalus chacuru), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whepuf1.01",Nystalus chacuru,Nystalus_chacuru
145,9663,Bucconidae,Nystalus,maculatus,15777,Tyrannidae,Myiodynastes,maculatus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,raised.upward,wing.horizontal,closed.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3393519)","puffbird on branch, flycatcher either about to land, or backing off",photo,Come for a walk in Paracuru!,http://en.wikiaves.com/2508490,http://en.wikiaves.com/2508490,South America,Romulo C Guerra,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,NA,0,3,1,"Rasmussen, P. C. and N. Collar (2020). Spot-backed Puffbird (Nystalus maculatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.spbpuf1.01",Nystalus maculatus,Nystalus_maculatus
146,10242,Picidae,Picumnus,temminckii,33206,Thraupidae,Sicalis,flaveola,threat.defense,on.perch,upside.down,forward.lowered,partially.spread,underwing.forward,not.visible,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/143753)","upside down, leaning upward",photo,"curiosity, a different sp fight !!",http://en.wikiaves.com/1285263,http://en.wikiaves.com/1285263,South America,Elio Costa,0,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,1,0,NA,0,1,1,"Winkler, H., D. A. Christie, and A. Bonan (2020). Ochre-collared Piculet (Picumnus temminckii), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.occpic1.01",Picumnus temminckii,Picumnus_temminckii
147,10304,Picidae,Melanerpes,flavifrons,11390,Psittacidae,Brotogeris,tirica,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3661981)","woodpecker moving up branch toward parakeet, who is sitting at top of branch",photo,Yellow-browed Benedict fighting with a Rich Parakeet.,http://en.wikiaves.com/2064415,http://en.wikiaves.com/2064415,South America,Riccardo Boschetti,2,3,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,3,0,1,0,NA,0,0,"Winkler, H., D. A. Christie, and A. Bonan (2020). Yellow-fronted Woodpecker (Melanerpes flavifrons), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.yefwoo1.01",Melanerpes flavifrons,Melanerpes_flavifrons
148,10755,Picidae,Colaptes,melanochloros,12278,unidentified,unidentified,unidentified,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/442938)",C. melanochloros defends while other bird flies away,photo,Green-barred Woodpecker ,http://en.wikiaves.com/901664,http://en.wikiaves.com/901664,South America,Alexander Z. Souza,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,1,1,0,1,0,"del Hoyo, J., H. Winkler, D. A. Christie, N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Green-barred Woodpecker (Colaptes melanochloros), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grbwoo3.01",Colaptes melanochloros,Colaptes_melanochloros
149,10831,Picidae,Dryocopus,lineatus,15777,Tyranniadae,Myiodynastes,maculatus,threat.defense,on.perch,side.oriented,forward.upright,raised.upward,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill.wing,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3916742)","flycatcher apparently attacking woodpecker from the air, woodpecker on tree trunk",photo,"This well-seen-brindle was attacking the white-banded woodpecker (a female) that was feeding on this tree, accompanied by its companion.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1549106,http://en.wikiaves.com/1549106,South America,Goran Neshich,0,0,2,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,3,2,1,2,0,NA,0,0,"of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.linwoo1.01",Dryocopus lineatus,Dryocopus_lineatus
150,10872,Picidae,Campephilus,melanoleucos,10813,Picidae,Celeus,flavescens,threat,on.perch,side.oriented,forward.upright,raised.upward,underwing.forward,open.side,not.visible,on.substrate,wing,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1497679)","both woodpeckers on tree, on either side",photo,Fighting with Celeus flavescens male.,http://en.wikiaves.com/1407838,http://en.wikiaves.com/1407838,South America,Leonardo Sanchez,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,2,0,NA,0,0,"Rosenblatt, C. (2020). Crimson-crested Woodpecker (Campephilus melanoleucos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.crcwoo1.01",Campephilus melanoleucos,Campephilus_melanoleucos
151,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,7164,Cathartidae,Coragyps,atratus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,raised.upward,underwing.forward,not.visible,down.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1759293), but note that many aggressive intraspecific interactions appear to be in the air","fighting on beach for fish, both birds jumping off ground and throwing out feet",photo,"There were 2 Carcarás that ate a fish head, and it is clear that the ""vultures"" brothers came to ask for a piece, but the owners of the carrion did not want at all and soon the fight started ... there were 8 vultures for 2 heads",http://en.wikiaves.com/1759294,http://en.wikiaves.com/1759294,South America,Henry Alexandre,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,3,3,1,1,2,NA,NA,0,0,"Bierregaard, R. O. and J. S. Marks (2020). Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.soucar1.01",Caracara plancus,Caracara_plancus
152,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,7754,Accipitridae,Buteogallus,meridionalis,threat,in.air,above,forward.normal,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/624004)","fighting in mid air, caracara above, savanna hawk upside down and below",photo,"It was really cool to watch Caracará attacking Gavião caboclo, too bad it was too fast, but it was worth it!",http://en.wikiaves.com/2524716,http://en.wikiaves.com/2524716,South America,Maurício Poletti,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,2,1,2,NA,NA,0,0,"Bierregaard, R. O. and J. S. Marks (2020). Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.soucar1.01",Caracara plancus,Caracara_plancus
153,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,11177,Falconidae,Falco,femoralis,threat.defense,in.air,upside.down,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/624004)",upside down with talons extended in response to falcon above; falcon too hard to see for details - not included independently,photo,"Specimen attacking the caracará, which retreated as soon as it could. Observation made in the company of Antonio Carlos.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1769786,http://en.wikiaves.com/1769786,South America,Norica Iglesias,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,3,3,2,1,2,NA,NA,0,0,"Bierregaard, R. O. and J. S. Marks (2020). Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.soucar1.01",Caracara plancus,Caracara_plancus
154,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,11177,Falconidae,Falco,femoralis,threat.defense,in.air,upside.down,not.visible,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/624004)",in air,photo,The carcará flew by and was attacked by one of the six collared hawks.,http://en.wikiaves.com/3610235,http://en.wikiaves.com/3610235,South America,Claudia Moura,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,3,3,1,1,2,NA,NA,0,0,"Bierregaard, R. O. and J. S. Marks (2020). Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.soucar1.01",Caracara plancus,Caracara_plancus
155,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,11225,Falconidae,Falco,peregrinus,threat.defense,in.air,upside.down,forward.normal,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/624004)","in air, responding to diving peregrine; flipping upside down",photo,Southern Crested Caracara,http://en.wikiaves.com/885568,http://en.wikiaves.com/885568,South America,Arlei Bertani,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,3,3,1,1,1,NA,NA,0,1,"Bierregaard, R. O. and J. S. Marks (2020). Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.soucar1.01",Caracara plancus,Caracara_plancus
156,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,11225,Falconidae,Falco,peregrinus,threat,in.air,upside.down,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,not.visible,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/624004)",in air; see also http://en.wikiaves.com/3559990,photo,Peregrine Falcon and Carcará fighting because Carcará wanted to steal Falcão's food. Guided by Gustavo Pinto,http://en.wikiaves.com/3559993,http://en.wikiaves.com/3559993,South America,Regina Manzur,0,0,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,1,1,NA,NA,2,0,"Bierregaard, R. O. and J. S. Marks (2020). Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.soucar1.01",Caracara plancus,Caracara_plancus
157,11143,Falconidae,Falco,sparverius,11177,Falconidae,Falco,femoralis,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2884127)",kestrel displaying from above,photo,Duel between Falcons: Quiriquiri and Collared Falcon.,http://en.wikiaves.com/608055,http://en.wikiaves.com/608055,South America,Silvio F C Rosatti,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,0,3,3,0,0,3,0,0,3,0,"Smallwood, J. A. and D. M. Bird (2020). American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.amekes.01",Falco sparverius,Falco_sparverius
158,11143,Falconidae,Falco,sparverius,11225,Falconidae,Falco,peregrinus,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet.tail,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2184230)",in air just after kestrel flying overtop; two very close; legs likely retracted slightly after flyover,photo,It was very interesting to observe how the quiri-quiri chased the pilgrim and attacked him in mid-flight!,http://en.wikiaves.com/3578518,http://en.wikiaves.com/3578518,South America,Thelma Gatuzzo,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,0,0,3,0,"Smallwood, J. A. and D. M. Bird (2020). American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.amekes.01",Falco sparverius,Falco_sparverius
159,11177,Falconidae,Falco,femoralis,7188,Accipitridae,Elanus,leucurus,threat.defense,in.air,upside.down,side.oriented,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.side,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1393329)","pair interacting with kites, bt kite in photo flying overhead, falcon upside down with talons bared; all in air",photo,"Two Sieve Hawks fought in the air against two Spotted Hawks, perhaps a fight between two couples.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1277054,http://en.wikiaves.com/1277054,South America,Emerson Kaseker,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,3,3,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,"Keddy-Hector, D. P., P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2020). Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.aplfal.01",Falco femoralis,Falco_femoralis
160,11177,Falconidae,Falco,femoralis,7241,Accipitridae,Elanoides,forficatus,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1393329)","falcon above, kite turning to face falcon upside down",photo,"scissor-hawk x collared hawk. Today 10/13, photo taken in a hurry, did not give much time.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1869483,http://en.wikiaves.com/1869483,South America,Ivan Rocha,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,3,3,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,"Keddy-Hector, D. P., P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2020). Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.aplfal.01",Falco femoralis,Falco_femoralis
161,11177,Falconidae,Falco,femoralis,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,partly.extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1393329)",in air; just after flying over caracara - feet likely retracted slightly,photo,The carcará flew by and was attacked by one of the six collared hawks.,http://en.wikiaves.com/3610235,http://en.wikiaves.com/3610235,South America,Claudia Moura,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,2,1,"Keddy-Hector, D. P., P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2020). Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.aplfal.01",Falco femoralis,Falco_femoralis
162,11225,Falconidae,Falco,peregrinus,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,threat,in.air,above,forward.normal,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"White, C. M., N. J. Clum, T. J. Cade, and W. G. Hunt (2020). Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.perfal.01; photo example: https://www.alamy.com/peregrine-falcon-flying-and-fighting-image335998357.html",in air after diving at caracara,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/885568,http://en.wikiaves.com/885568,South America,Arlei Bertani,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,3,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,"White, C. M., N. J. Clum, T. J. Cade, and W. G. Hunt (2020). Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.perfal.01",Falco peregrinus,Falco_peregrinus
163,11225,Falconidae,Falco,peregrinus,11068,Falconidae,Caracara,plancus,threat,in.air,above,side.oriented,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.fanned,extended,feet,same,"White, C. M., N. J. Clum, T. J. Cade, and W. G. Hunt (2020). Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.perfal.01; photo example: https://www.alamy.com/peregrine-falcon-flying-and-fighting-image335998357.html",in air; see also http://en.wikiaves.com/3559990,photo,Peregrine Falcon and Carcará fighting because Carcará wanted to steal Falcão's food. Guided by Gustavo Pinto,http://en.wikiaves.com/3559993,http://en.wikiaves.com/3559993,South America,Regina Manzur,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,0,1,3,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,3,"White, C. M., N. J. Clum, T. J. Cade, and W. G. Hunt (2020). Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.perfal.01",Falco peregrinus,Falco_peregrinus
164,11225,Falconidae,Falco,peregrinus,11143,Falconidae,Falco,sparverius,threat.defense,in.air,upside.down,side.oriented,soaring.gliding,underwing.forward,closed.side,trailing.fanned,not.visible,wing,same,"White, C. M., N. J. Clum, T. J. Cade, and W. G. Hunt (2020). Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.perfal.01; photo example: https://www.alamy.com/peregrine-falcon-flying-and-fighting-image335998357.html",in air just after kestrel flying overtop; two very close,photo,It was very interesting to observe how the quiri-quiri chased the pilgrim and attacked him in mid-flight!,http://en.wikiaves.com/3578518,http://en.wikiaves.com/3578518,South America,Thelma Gatuzzo,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,2,"White, C. M., N. J. Clum, T. J. Cade, and W. G. Hunt (2020). Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.perfal.01",Falco peregrinus,Falco_peregrinus
165,11390,Psittacidae,Brotogeris,tirica,10304,Picidae,Melanerpes,flavifrons,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/716249)","woodpecker moving up branch toward parakeet, who is sitting at top of branch",photo,Yellow-browed Benedict fighting with a Rich Parakeet.,http://en.wikiaves.com/2064415,http://en.wikiaves.com/2064415,South America,Riccardo Boschetti,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,NA,NA,2,NA,0,NA,"Collar, N., A. Bonan, P. F. D. Boesman, and E. de Juana (2020). Plain Parakeet (Brotogeris tirica), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.plapar1.01",Brotogeris tirica,Brotogeris_tirica
166,11390,Psittacidae,Brotogeris,tirica,11565,Psittacidae,Pyrrhura,frontalis,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/716249)","on vertical trunk, Brotogeris above Pyrrhula",photo,three Tiribas trying to fend off the Parakeets,http://en.wikiaves.com/2658994,http://en.wikiaves.com/2658994,South America,Marcelo De Breyne,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,NA,NA,NA,3,NA,0,NA,"Collar, N., A. Bonan, P. F. D. Boesman, and E. de Juana (2020). Plain Parakeet (Brotogeris tirica), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.plapar1.01",Brotogeris tirica,Brotogeris_tirica
167,11392,Psittacidae,Brotogeris,chiriri,11649,Psittacidae,Eupsittula,aurea,threat.defense,on.perch,side.oriented,side.oriented,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.side,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2645427)",birds displaying in a tree: Eupsittula slightly above,photo,"Rich parakeet on the left fighting with the king parakeet, was there a dispute for the crown? Heehehe.",http://en.wikiaves.com/726489,http://en.wikiaves.com/726489,South America,Lucas Alves 2,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,NA,NA,2,NA,0,0,"Brightsmith, D., K. R. Burgio, B. J. Hiller, K. E. Block, P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2020). Yellow-chevroned Parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.yecpar.01",Brotogeris chiriri,Brotogeris_chiriri
168,11565,Psittacidae,Pyrrhura,frontalis,11390,Psittacidae,Brotogeris,tirica,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3075697)","on vertical trunk, Brotogeris above Pyrrhula",photo,three Tiribas trying to fend off the Parakeets,http://en.wikiaves.com/2658994,http://en.wikiaves.com/2658994,South America,Marcelo De Breyne,0,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,"Collar, N., P. F. D. Boesman, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Maroon-bellied Parakeet (Pyrrhura frontalis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.mabpar.01",Pyrrhura frontalis,Pyrrhura_frontalis
169,11634,Psittacidae,Anodorhynchus,hyacinthinus,11702,Psittacidae,Ara,chloropterus,threat,in.air,above,forward.normal,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,partly.extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/567720)","hyacinth in air over top; 2 red-and-green on palm fron, facing upward",photo,"Early in the morning, right in front of my hotel, in the center of Miranda, a couple of great macaw (Ara chloropterus) fought with another of great macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). It was a wonderful scene, because it was the first time that I saw both species in nature.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1933441,http://en.wikiaves.com/1933441,South America,Tycho Fernandes,1,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,NA,NA,1,NA,NA,1,"Collar, N., P. F. D. Boesman, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.hyamac1.01",Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus,Anodorhynchus_hyacinthinus
170,11649,Psittacidae,Eupsittula,aurea,11392,Psittacidae,Brotogeris,chiriri,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves, some variation in head position (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2922177)",birds displaying in a tree: Eupsittula slightly above,photo,Peach-fronted Parakeet,http://en.wikiaves.com/726489,http://en.wikiaves.com/726489,South America,Lucas Alves 2,3,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,NA,NA,3,NA,0,NA,"Collar, N. and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Peach-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula aurea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.pefpar1.01",Aratinga aurea,Aratinga_aurea
171,11649,Psittacidae,Eupsittula,aurea,31732,Icteridae,Gnorimopsar,chopi,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,photos in WikiAves (http://en.wikiaves.com/1743811),"birds dislaying in trees, parakeet above",photo,Quarrel between King Parakeet and Graúna.,http://en.wikiaves.com/3229103,http://en.wikiaves.com/3229103,South America,Elton Amaral,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,NA,NA,3,NA,0,NA,"Collar, N. and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Peach-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula aurea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.pefpar1.01",Aratinga aurea,Aratinga_aurea
172,11690,Psittacidae,Ara,ararauna,11702,Psittacidae,Ara,chloropterus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,similar,posture similar to fight in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t15ocBMRFcA,birds fighting in tree: A. chloropterus is lower than A. ararauna,photo,Red-and-green Macaw,http://en.wikiaves.com/756200,http://en.wikiaves.com/756200,South America,Felipe Rangel,2,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,3,2,NA,NA,NA,"Collar, N., P. F. D. Boesman, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.baymac.01",Ara ararauna,Ara_ararauna
173,11702,Psittacidae,Ara,chloropterus,11634,Psittacidae,Anodorhynchus,hyacinthinus,threat.defense,on.perch,upside.down,forward.normal,spread.outward,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/573304)","hyacinth in air over top; 2 red-and-green on palm fron, facing upward",photo,"Early in the morning, right in front of my hotel, in the center of Miranda, a couple of great macaw (Ara chloropterus) fought with another of great macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). It was a wonderful scene, because it was the first time that I saw both species in nature.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1933441,http://en.wikiaves.com/1933441,South America,Tycho Fernandes,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,1,0,2,NA,NA,NA,"Collar, N., P. F. D. Boesman, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.scamac1.01",Ara chloropterus,Ara_chloropterus
174,11702,Psittacidae,Ara,chloropterus,11690,Psittacidae,Ara,ararauna,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"similar to photos in WikiAves, but other displaying birds occasionally have wings open (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/573304), possibly context-dependent",birds fighting in tree: A. chloropterus is lower than A. ararauna,photo,Red-and-green Macaw,http://en.wikiaves.com/756200,http://en.wikiaves.com/756200,South America,Felipe Rangel,1,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,2,2,NA,NA,NA,"Collar, N., P. F. D. Boesman, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.scamac1.01",Ara chloropterus,Ara_chloropterus
175,12682,Furnariidae,Hylexetastes,brigidai,12750,Furnariidae,Xiphorhynchus,guttatus,threat.defense,on.perch,side.oriented,forward.lowered,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill.wing,unknown,NA,birds displaying on trunk,photo,These two arapaçus were fighting. Is very!,http://en.wikiaves.com/3232065,http://en.wikiaves.com/3232065,South America,Cárin Duarte,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,0,2,0,0,"Marantz, C. A., A. Aleixo, L. R. Bevier, and M. A. Patten (2020). Red-billed Woodcreeper (Hylexetastes perrotii), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rebwoo1.01",Hylexetastes brigidai,Hylexetastes_brigidai
176,12750,Furnariidae,Xiphorhynchus,guttatus,12682,Furnariidae,Hylexetastes,brigidai,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,partlyraised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,birds displaying on trunk,photo,These two arapaçus were fighting. Is very!,http://en.wikiaves.com/3232065,http://en.wikiaves.com/3232065,South America,Cárin Duarte,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,"Marantz, C. A., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, A. Aleixo, L. R. Bevier, G. M. Kirwan, and M. A. Patten (2020). Buff-throated Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus guttatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.butwoo1.01",Xiphorhynchus guttatus,Xiphorhynchus_guttatus
177,12965,Furnariidae,Furnarius,rufus,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,partially.spread,upperwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves; especially spread wings (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2311726)","F. rufus is defending from a larger bird, mostly out of frame, coming from above",photo,"It is a pity that it was not possible to get the whole bem-te-vi, but little Joao-de-mud faced it without fear.",http://en.wikiaves.com/949340,http://en.wikiaves.com/949340,South America,Tamara Luciane,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,2,2,0,"Remsen, Jr., J. V. and A. Bonan (2020). Rufous Hornero (Furnarius rufus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rufhor2.01",Furnarius rufus,Furnarius_rufus
178,14951,Tyrannidae,Zimmerius,acer,3256,Trochilidae,Heliothryx,auritus,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,"fairy hovering in air, tyrannulet perched, leaning out toward fairy",photo,"I found the dispute with a Blue-cheeked Hummingbird (Heliothryx auritus) interesting, which was also part of a mixed flock passing by the tower.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1967003,http://en.wikiaves.com/1967003,South America,Celso B Almeida,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,NA,0,2,"del Hoyo, J., N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Guianan Tyrannulet (Zimmerius acer), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.guityr1.01",Zimmerius acer,Zimmerius_acer
179,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,3483,Cuculidae,Tapera,naevia,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,partlyraised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves show some variation in posture (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2638243)",focal bird is threatening cuckoo who was singing in his territory,photo,"There was great doubt about which of the two to name the record, but tapera naevia prevailed. He was singing in a bush when he was violently attacked by the little man who defended the territory, he had to dive into the bush chased by the valiant aggressor, a unique scene! Três Bimas, photographic adventure guided by Edson Endrigo and in the company of Celuta Machado, Silvana Licco, Elsie Rotenberg, Daniel and Bertrando Campos. ",http://en.wikiaves.com/685015,http://en.wikiaves.com/685015,South America,Marco Guedes,1,1,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,2,NA,1,1,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
180,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,11381,Psittacidae,Myiopsitta,monachus,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.notfanned,tucked.up,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2638243; http://en.wikiaves.com/2137478)",kiskadee flying over parakeet,photo,"Incredible as it may seem, the one who was defending the nest was Bem-te-vi da Caturrita, who was very close to him.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1082497,http://en.wikiaves.com/1082497,South America,Pedro Sessegolo,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,NA,1,1,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
181,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,15806,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,melancholicus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.notfanned,partly.extended,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves show some variation in posture (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2638243)",T. melancholicus defends position on branch from flying T. albogularis,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/968506,http://en.wikiaves.com/968506,South America,Cleber Polegatto,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,2,NA,0,3,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
182,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,15806,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,melancholicus,threat,in.air,feet.forward,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,extended,bill.feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4286658; http://en.wikiaves.com/2137478)","kiskadee appears ready to attack, crown flared, feet lunging forward; tyrannus still has bill open and pointed forward; both in air, but tyrannus previously on wire",photo,He left the landing to fight with Tyrannus.,http://en.wikiaves.com/1195707,http://en.wikiaves.com/1195707,South America,Paulo Vianna,2,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,2,0,2,NA,0,1,1,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
183,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,26035,Mimidae,Mimus,gilvus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.notfanned,partly.extended,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4286658; http://en.wikiaves.com/2137478)",fight series but 674891 and 675135 show birds facing off towards each other in the air (see also http://en.wikiaves.com/675010; http://en.wikiaves.com/674991; http://en.wikiaves.com/674959; http://en.wikiaves.com/674891;  http://en.wikiaves.com/674895),photo,"the 1st photo of the sequence, with the well-seen attacking. The thrush female looks apprehensive. She will not intervene in the fight.",http://en.wikiaves.com/675135,http://en.wikiaves.com/675135,South America,Pedro Ávila Figueiredo,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,2,NA,0,3,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
184,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,partially.spread,underwing.forward,open.forward,partlyraised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2638243)","at fruit feeder, Turdus just off ground in air",photo,orange thrush (Turdus rufiventris) Great-saw (Pitangus sulphuratus) Mafra-SC 04/26/2016 --- dispute for food.,http://en.wikiaves.com/2097893,http://en.wikiaves.com/2097893,South America,Ivan Rocha,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,3,NA,0,1,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
185,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves show some variation in posture (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2638243)",birds displaying at feeder,photo,I found you staring at an orange-tree thrush.,http://en.wikiaves.com/640039,http://en.wikiaves.com/640039,South America,João Mattos,3,1,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,NA,0,1,1,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
186,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,26921,Turdidiae,Turdus,rufiventris,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,raised.upward,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves show some variation in posture (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2638243)",birds displaying in tree,photo,"I loved you X Sabiá Laranjeira, fighting for your space on the fruit-laden tree.",http://en.wikiaves.com/552536,http://en.wikiaves.com/552536,South America,Luis Alberto ,0,0,2,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,NA,0,3,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
187,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus,haemorrhous,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3654609)","both on same branch, kiskadee leaning toward cacique, cacique not really responding",photo,Fighting with a guaxe for food.,http://en.wikiaves.com/2209202,http://en.wikiaves.com/2209202,South America,Roberto Cirino,3,2,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,NA,0,1,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
188,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,31563,Icteridae,Icterus,jamacaii,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3654609)",on same branch; unclear what the troupial is doing,photo,"Super well guided by Jefferson Bob, at the spectacular Sítio do Pau Preto inn. I recommend!!!! ""Immersion in the caatinga""",http://en.wikiaves.com/2643317,http://en.wikiaves.com/2643317,South America,Francisco Paludo,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,3,NA,0,0,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
189,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.upward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,different,"less aggressive than interspecific interactions seen in WikiAves: e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2638243",birds displaying at feeder,photo,Great Kiskadee,http://en.wikiaves.com/523772,http://en.wikiaves.com/523772,South America,Luana Miranda,0,0,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,NA,0,1,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
190,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,32571,Thraupidae,Thraupis,ornata,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,partially.spread,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves show some variation in posture (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2638243)",kiskadee threatening tanager at feeding station,photo,In spite of its smaller size it faced the Good-bye and it did not leave position.,http://en.wikiaves.com/699958,http://en.wikiaves.com/699958,South America,Luiz Moschini De Souza,2,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,3,1,0,2,NA,0,2,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
191,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,33260,Thraupidae,Saltator,similis,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves show some variation in posture (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2638243); variation in wing position",approaching feeder,photo,the iron crack here is the one that faces the good neighbor you,http://en.wikiaves.com/3215679,http://en.wikiaves.com/3215679,South America,Marcus Locatelli,3,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,2,NA,0,2,0,"Brush, T. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (2020). Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grekis.01",Pitangus sulphuratus,Pitangus_sulphuratus
192,15777,Tyrannidae,Myiodynastes,maculatus,9663,Bucconidae,Nystalus,maculatus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,extended,feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1877570)","puffbird on branch, flycatcher either about to land, or backing off",photo,Come for a walk in Paracuru!,http://en.wikiaves.com/2508490,http://en.wikiaves.com/2508490,South America,Romulo C Guerra,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,3,1,0,1,1,NA,0,3,0,"Shah, S. S. (2020). Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.strfly1.01",Myiodynastes maculatus,Myiodynastes_maculatus
193,15777,Tyrannidae,Myiodynastes,maculatus,10784,Picidae,Colaptes,campestris,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,not.visible,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1877570)","flicker on tree, flycatcher in air above",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1166375,http://en.wikiaves.com/1166375,South America,Luiz Carlos dos Santos,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,2,0,"Shah, S. S. (2020). Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.strfly1.01",Myiodynastes maculatus,Myiodynastes_maculatus
194,15777,Tyrannidae,Myiodynastes,maculatus,10831,Picidae,Dryocopus,lineatus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.normal,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,tucked.up,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves usually show open bills (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1877570)","flycatcher apparently attacking woodpecker from the air, woodpecker on tree trunk",photo,"This well-seen-brindle was attacking the white-banded woodpecker (a female) that was feeding on this tree, accompanied by its companion.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1549106,http://en.wikiaves.com/1549106,South America,Goran Neshich,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,2,0,"Shah, S. S. (2020). Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.strfly1.01",Myiodynastes maculatus,Myiodynastes_maculatus
195,15786,Tyrannidae,Megarynchus,pitangua,10784,Picidae,Colaptes,campestris,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,hanging,bill,same,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/336737991,"in air above flicker; flicker looking at flycatcher, but no clear response",photo,well ti vi fighting with pica pau,http://en.wikiaves.com/1307271,http://en.wikiaves.com/1307271,South America,Silas Marques,3,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,NA,0,2,0,"Mobley, J. A. (2020). Boat-billed Flycatcher (Megarynchus pitangua), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bobfly1.01",Megarynchus pitangua,Megarynchus_pitangua
196,15786,Tyrannidae,Megarynchus,pitangua,15806,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,melancholicus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,partly.extended,bill,same,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/336737991,boat-billed in air above kingbird; kingbird on perch looking up with open bill,photo,"And the suiriri stared! [not a suiriri, but a tropical kingbird]",http://en.wikiaves.com/1641848,http://en.wikiaves.com/1641848,South America,Rogério de Castro,3,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,3,NA,0,1,0,"Mobley, J. A. (2020). Boat-billed Flycatcher (Megarynchus pitangua), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bobfly1.01",Megarynchus pitangua,Megarynchus_pitangua
197,15806,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,melancholicus,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat.defense,on.perch,side.oriented,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,side.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/479463&tm=f&t=s&s=11338&o=mp&p=50, but note that focal birds in this photo are in the air)","T. melancholicus defends position on branch from flying kiskadee; possibly turning to face the kiskadee as the latter moves, and thus not a side-orientation for its body by design",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/968506,http://en.wikiaves.com/968506,South America,Cleber Polegatto,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,NA,NA,1,2,"Stouffer, P. C., R. T. Chesser, and A. E. Jahn (2020). Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.trokin.01",Tyrannus melancholicus,Tyrannus_melancholicus
198,15806,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,melancholicus,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat.defense,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,not.visible,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/479463&tm=f&t=s&s=11338&o=mp&p=50)","kiskadee appears ready to attack, crown flared, feet lunging forward; tyrannus still has bill open and pointed forward; both in air, but tyrannus previously on wire",photo,He left the landing to fight with Tyrannus.,http://en.wikiaves.com/1195707,http://en.wikiaves.com/1195707,South America,Paulo Vianna,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,1,0,0,3,1,0,0,NA,NA,2,1,"Stouffer, P. C., R. T. Chesser, and A. E. Jahn (2020). Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.trokin.01",Tyrannus melancholicus,Tyrannus_melancholicus
199,15806,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,melancholicus,15786,Tyrannidae,Megarynchus,pitangua,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.upright,partially.spread,upperwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/479463&tm=f&t=s&s=11338&o=mp&p=50, but note that focal birds in this photo are in the air)",boat-billed in air above kingbird; kingbird on perch looking up with open bill,photo,"And the suiriri stared! [not a suiriri, but a tropical kingbird]",http://en.wikiaves.com/1641848,http://en.wikiaves.com/1641848,South America,Rogério de Castro,3,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,NA,NA,1,3,"Stouffer, P. C., R. T. Chesser, and A. E. Jahn (2020). Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.trokin.01",Tyrannus melancholicus,Tyrannus_melancholicus
200,15806,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,melancholicus,15819,Tyranniadae,Tyrannus,savana,threat.defense,in.air,upside.down,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.fanned,not.visible,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/479463&tm=f&t=s&s=11338&o=mp&p=50)","in air, savanna above, both turning to face each other",photo,"Tesourinha x Suiriri [not a suiriri - lacks wing bars, edgings on flight feathers]",http://en.wikiaves.com/1160280,http://en.wikiaves.com/1160280,South America,Marco Costacurta,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,NA,NA,1,1,"Stouffer, P. C., R. T. Chesser, and A. E. Jahn (2020). Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.trokin.01",Tyrannus melancholicus,Tyrannus_melancholicus
201,15819,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,savana,15635,Tyranniadae,Gubernetes,yetapa,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,hanging,bill.tail,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2269745)","savanna above in air, yetapa below retreating in air",photo,Worse than a scythe fight is a scissors fight.,http://en.wikiaves.com/1188174,http://en.wikiaves.com/1188174,South America,Gilberto Alves,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,NA,NA,0,1,"Jahn, A. E. and D. T. Tuero (2020). Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.fotfly.01",Tyrannus savana,Tyrannus_savana
202,15819,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,savana,15796,Tyranniadae,Empidonomus,varius,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.fanned,not.visible,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2269745)",attacking fledgling variegated from above in the air (fledgling is on a branch); possibly making contact with bill,photo,"I was at my job when I see this chick of Empidonomus varius, and when I focus I am surprised by a Tyrannus savanna, probably in defense of myself nesting, attacking the chick that has remained immobile.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1534449,http://en.wikiaves.com/1534449,South America,Reinaldo O. Elias,0,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,3,NA,NA,0,0,"Jahn, A. E. and D. T. Tuero (2020). Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.fotfly.01",Tyrannus savana,Tyrannus_savana
203,15819,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,savana,15806,Tyrannidae,Tyrannus,melancholicus,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,tucked.up,bill.tail,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2269745)","in air, savanna above, both turning to face each other",photo,"Tesourinha x Suiriri [not a suiriri - lacks wing bars, edgings on flight feathers]",http://en.wikiaves.com/1160280,http://en.wikiaves.com/1160280,South America,Marco Costacurta,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,1,2,3,NA,NA,0,0,"Jahn, A. E. and D. T. Tuero (2020). Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.fotfly.01",Tyrannus savana,Tyrannus_savana
204,20176,Corvidae,Corvus,corax,7681,Accipitridae,Milvus,migrans,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,extended,bill,same,"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15KBBxMoT9A; BNA account describes display on ground (Boarman, W. I. and B. Heinrich (1999). Common Raven (Corvus corax), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.476) describes threat display as ""slowly walking highly erect with bill pointed upward, fluffing out throat hackles and feather tracts above legs fluffed to create “pant”-like appearance, elevating “ear” tufts, and flashing white nictitating membranes"" with wings spread slightly",displaying to several kites over food; interactions end with fully spread wings and feet forward,video,"A bird fighting with Black Kites at a feeding station; description of behaviour at 0:19s, in air displacing kite",https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/common-raven-corvus-corax/bird-fighting-black-kites-feeding-station,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201493591,Europe,Josep del Hoyo,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,2,NA,3,NA,NA,0,NA,0,0,"Boarman, W. I. and B. Heinrich (2020). Common Raven (Corvus corax), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.comrav.01",Corvus corax,Corvus_corax
205,21471,Pycnonotidae,Pycnonotus,jocosus,27642,Muscicapidae,Myiomela,leucura,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/387661480405475166/,bird enters at end of video and displaces M. leucura; description of posture immediately after landing (0:08s),video,A male visiting a feeding station and fighting with other species.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/white-tailed-blue-robin-myiomela-leucura/male-visiting-feeding-station-and-fighting-other,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201490551,Asia,Josep del Hoyo,0,1,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,3,2,1,NA,NA,1,0,"Islam, K. and R. N. Williams (2020). Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rewbul.01",Pycnonotus jocosus,Pycnonotus_jocosus
206,23741,Timaliidae,Pomatorhinus,ruficollis,21471,Pycnonotidae,Pyconotus,jocosus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,down.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,"at feeding station; description of display at 0:11s, but also given before and after, even biting Alcippe afterwards associated with same display",video,A bird showing agressive behaviour in front of other species while visiting a feeding station (slow motion).,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/streak-breasted-scimitar-babbler-pomatorhinus-ruficollis/bird-showing-agressive-behaviour,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201492711,Asia,Josep del Hoyo,2,0,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,2,1,NA,1,1,0,"Collar, N. and C. Robson (2020). Streak-breasted Scimitar-Babbler (Pomatorhinus ruficollis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.sbsbab3.01",Pomatorhinus ruficollis,Pomatorhinus_ruficollis
207,23741,Timaliidae,Pomatorhinus,ruficollis,27642,Muscicapidae,Myiomela,leucura,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,"focal bird threatens approaching M. leucura, then displaces him once he lands; description of early display (0:02s) on perch",video,"A male in a feeding station, being expelled by a Streak-breasted Scimitar-babbler (slow motion).",https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/white-tailed-blue-robin-myiomela-leucura/male-feeding-station-being-expelled-streak,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201490501,Asia,Josep del Hoyo,2,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,NA,1,1,1,"Collar, N. and C. Robson (2020). Streak-breasted Scimitar-Babbler (Pomatorhinus ruficollis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.sbsbab3.01",Pomatorhinus ruficollis,Pomatorhinus_ruficollis
208,25860,Sittidae,Sitta,europea,27408,Muscicapidae,Erithacus,rubecula,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,upperwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_OagC_95aw; similar to agonistic behaviour described for Sitta canadensis: Ghalambor, C. K. and T. E. Martin (1999). Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bna.459",Sitta europea defending position from robin approaching from above,photo,Fight between an European robin and a Nuthatch during Winter in forest.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/eurasian-nuthatch-sitta-europaea/fight-between-european-robin-and-nuthatch-during-winter,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/204625341,Europe,Frédéric Demeuse,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,2,"Harrap, S., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, G. M. Kirwan, and D. A. Christie (2020). Eurasian Nuthatch (Sitta europaea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.eurnut2.01",Sitta europaea,Sitta_europaea
209,26035,Mimidae,Mimus,gilvus,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat,in.air,forward.lowered,forward.normal,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,partly.extended,bill,same,"photos in WikiAveses (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/354815)",fight series but 674891 and 675135 show birds facing off towards each other in the air; see also http://en.wikiaves.com/675010; http://en.wikiaves.com/674991; http://en.wikiaves.com/674959; http://en.wikiaves.com/674891;  http://en.wikiaves.com/674895,photo,"the 1st photo of the sequence, with the well-seen attacking. The thrush female looks apprehensive. She will not intervene in the fight.",http://en.wikiaves.com/675135 ,http://en.wikiaves.com/675135,South America,Pedro Ávila Figueiredo,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,3,0,2,0,1,NA,NA,1,2,"Cody, M. L. (2020). Tropical Mockingbird (Mimus gilvus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.tromoc.01",Mimus gilvus,Mimus_gilvus
210,26055,Mimidae,Mimus,saturninus,15711,Tyrannidae,Machetornis,rixosa,threat,on.ground,forward.normal,forward.normal,partially.spread,wing.horizontal,closed.forward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2220352; http://en.wikiaves.com/1835776)",walking towards cattle tyrant that just landed on lawn,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1204297,http://en.wikiaves.com/1204297,South America,Andrés Guerra,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,NA,NA,3,0,"Cody, M. L. (2020). Chalk-browed Mockingbird (Mimus saturninus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.chbmoc1.01",Mimus saturninus,Mimus_saturninus
211,26055,Mimidae,Mimus,saturninus,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus,haemorrhous,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,partlyraised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2051290)","both aggressively displaying at food table, cacique moved forward, mockingbird retreating (2 photos)",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1098436,http://en.wikiaves.com/1098436,South America,Flavio Leal 2,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,2,1,NA,NA,0,1,"Cody, M. L. (2020). Chalk-browed Mockingbird (Mimus saturninus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.chbmoc1.01",Mimus saturninus,Mimus_saturninus
212,26055,Mimidae,Mimus,saturninus,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus,haemorrhous,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2220352; http://en.wikiaves.com/1835776)","both aggressively displaying at food table, cacique moved forward, mockingbird retreating (2 photos); this photo mockingbird appears to be retreating",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1098437,http://en.wikiaves.com/1098437,South America,Flavio Leal 2,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,NA,NA,1,3,"Cody, M. L. (2020). Chalk-browed Mockingbird (Mimus saturninus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.chbmoc1.01",Mimus saturninus,Mimus_saturninus
213,26352,Sturnidae,Lamprotornis,nitens,8680,Coliidae,Urocolius,indicus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,partlyraised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/255834901,at feeding table; description of display at 0:11s,video,Two Red-faced Mousebirds on Allen BirdCam 2 Oct '13 www.AllenBirdCam.com,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZWIY5l4v48,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZWIY5l4v48,Africa,Allen BirdCam,1,2,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,NA,NA,3,NA,NA,NA,"Craig, A. J. F. and C. J. Feare (2020). Cape Starling (Lamprotornis nitens), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.capgls1.01",Lamprotornis nitens,Lamprotornis_nitens
214,26791,Turdidae,Turdus,merula,26877,Turdidae,Turdus,philomelos,threat,in.air,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,extended,bill,same,"Dabelsteen, T. 1982. Variation in the response of freeliving blackbirds Turdus merula to playback of song: I. Effect of continuous stimulation and perdictability of the response. Z. Tierpsychol. 58: 311-328.: see bow posture; e.g., https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-blackbird-turdus-merula-fighting-splashing-water-pusztaszer-nature-image01531827.html",fighting over apple,photo,"Song thrush, Turdus philomelos, single bird in snow fighting with Blackbird, Warwickshire, March 2018",https://www.dreamstime.com/song-thrush-turdus-philomelos-single-bird-snow-fighting-blackbird-warwickshire-march-song-thrush-turdus-philomelos-image111789573,https://www.dreamstime.com/song-thrush-turdus-philomelos-single-bird-snow-fighting-blackbird-warwickshire-march-song-thrush-turdus-philomelos-image111789573,Europe,Mikelane45,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,2,NA,NA,NA,NA,2,NA,"Collar, N. and D. A. Christie (2020). Eurasian Blackbird (Turdus merula), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.eurbla.01",Turdus merula,Turdus_merula
215,26791,Turdidae,Turdus,merula,26327,Sturnidae,Sturnus,vulgaris,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Dabelsteen, T. 1982. Variation in the response of freeliving blackbirds Turdus merula to playback of song: I. Effect of continuous stimulation and perdictability of the response. Z. Tierpsychol. 58: 311-328; e.g., https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-blackbird-turdus-merula-fighting-splashing-water-pusztaszer-nature-image01531827.html",likely over food,photo,Blackbird (Turdus merula) threatening European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris),https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-blackbird-turdus-merula-threatening-european-starling-sturnus-vulgaris-35075653.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=9F8B14B9-96D3-4351-A0CF-D98FF23D55B2&p=53280&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch=foo%3dbar%26st%3d0%26pn%3d1%26ps%3d100%26sortby%3d2%26resultview%3dsortbyPopular%26npgs%3d0%26qt%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26qt_raw%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26lic%3d3%26mr%3d0%26pr%3d0%26ot%3d0%26creative%3d%26ag%3d0%26hc%3d0%26pc%3d%26blackwhite%3d%26cutout%3d%26tbar%3d1%26et%3d0x000000000000000000000%26vp%3d0%26loc%3d0%26imgt%3d0%26dtfr%3d%26dtto%3d%26size%3d0xFF%26archive%3d1%26groupid%3d%26pseudoid%3d%26a%3d%26cdid%3d%26cdsrt%3d%26name%3d%26qn%3d%26apalib%3d%26apalic%3d%26lightbox%3d%26gname%3d%26gtype%3d%26xstx%3d0%26simid%3d%26saveQry%3d%26editorial%3d1%26nu%3d%26t%3d%26edoptin%3d%26customgeoip%3d%26cap%3d1%26cbstore%3d1%26vd%3d0%26lb%3d%26fi%3d2%26edrf%3d%26ispremium%3d1%26flip%3d0%26pl%3d,https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-blackbird-turdus-merula-threatening-european-starling-sturnus-vulgaris-35075653.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=9F8B14B9-96D3-4351-A0CF-D98FF23D55B2&p=53280&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch=foo%3dbar%26st%3d0%26pn%3d1%26ps%3d100%26sortby%3d2%26resultview%3dsortbyPopular%26npgs%3d0%26qt%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26qt_raw%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26lic%3d3%26mr%3d0%26pr%3d0%26ot%3d0%26creative%3d%26ag%3d0%26hc%3d0%26pc%3d%26blackwhite%3d%26cutout%3d%26tbar%3d1%26et%3d0x000000000000000000000%26vp%3d0%26loc%3d0%26imgt%3d0%26dtfr%3d%26dtto%3d%26size%3d0xFF%26archive%3d1%26groupid%3d%26pseudoid%3d%26a%3d%26cdid%3d%26cdsrt%3d%26name%3d%26qn%3d%26apalib%3d%26apalic%3d%26lightbox%3d%26gname%3d%26gtype%3d%26xstx%3d0%26simid%3d%26saveQry%3d%26editorial%3d1%26nu%3d%26t%3d%26edoptin%3d%26customgeoip%3d%26cap%3d1%26cbstore%3d1%26vd%3d0%26lb%3d%26fi%3d2%26edrf%3d%26ispremium%3d1%26flip%3d0%26pl%3d,Europe,Anton Luhr,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,NA,NA,NA,NA,0,NA,"Collar, N. and D. A. Christie (2020). Eurasian Blackbird (Turdus merula), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.eurbla.01",Turdus merula,Turdus_merula
216,26791,Turdidae,Turdus,merula,26873,Turdidae,Turdus,pilaris,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Dabelsteen, T. 1982. Variation in the response of freeliving blackbirds Turdus merula to playback of song: I. Effect of continuous stimulation and perdictability of the response. Z. Tierpsychol. 58: 311-328.: see tail-up posture",fighting over apple,photo,"Fieldfere and Blackbird ""Turdus merula"" fighting over apples in an orchard, Herefordshire, England, UK",https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-fieldfere-and-blackbird-turdus-merula-fighting-over-apples-in-an-orchard-43438483.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=EC2472FE-7886-4FD0-AABB-B85860CB8DED&p=31957&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch=foo%3dbar%26st%3d0%26pn%3d1%26ps%3d100%26sortby%3d2%26resultview%3dsortbyPopular%26npgs%3d0%26qt%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26qt_raw%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26lic%3d3%26mr%3d0%26pr%3d0%26ot%3d0%26creative%3d%26ag%3d0%26hc%3d0%26pc%3d%26blackwhite%3d%26cutout%3d%26tbar%3d1%26et%3d0x000000000000000000000%26vp%3d0%26loc%3d0%26imgt%3d0%26dtfr%3d%26dtto%3d%26size%3d0xFF%26archive%3d1%26groupid%3d%26pseudoid%3d%26a%3d%26cdid%3d%26cdsrt%3d%26name%3d%26qn%3d%26apalib%3d%26apalic%3d%26lightbox%3d%26gname%3d%26gtype%3d%26xstx%3d0%26simid%3d%26saveQry%3d%26editorial%3d1%26nu%3d%26t%3d%26edoptin%3d%26customgeoip%3d%26cap%3d1%26cbstore%3d1%26vd%3d0%26lb%3d%26fi%3d2%26edrf%3d%26ispremium%3d1%26flip%3d0%26pl%3d,https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-fieldfere-and-blackbird-turdus-merula-fighting-over-apples-in-an-orchard-43438483.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=EC2472FE-7886-4FD0-AABB-B85860CB8DED&p=31957&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch=foo%3dbar%26st%3d0%26pn%3d1%26ps%3d100%26sortby%3d2%26resultview%3dsortbyPopular%26npgs%3d0%26qt%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26qt_raw%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26lic%3d3%26mr%3d0%26pr%3d0%26ot%3d0%26creative%3d%26ag%3d0%26hc%3d0%26pc%3d%26blackwhite%3d%26cutout%3d%26tbar%3d1%26et%3d0x000000000000000000000%26vp%3d0%26loc%3d0%26imgt%3d0%26dtfr%3d%26dtto%3d%26size%3d0xFF%26archive%3d1%26groupid%3d%26pseudoid%3d%26a%3d%26cdid%3d%26cdsrt%3d%26name%3d%26qn%3d%26apalib%3d%26apalic%3d%26lightbox%3d%26gname%3d%26gtype%3d%26xstx%3d0%26simid%3d%26saveQry%3d%26editorial%3d1%26nu%3d%26t%3d%26edoptin%3d%26customgeoip%3d%26cap%3d1%26cbstore%3d1%26vd%3d0%26lb%3d%26fi%3d2%26edrf%3d%26ispremium%3d1%26flip%3d0%26pl%3d,Europe,Paul Weston,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,0,0,3,3,NA,NA,NA,NA,0,NA,"Collar, N. and D. A. Christie (2020). Eurasian Blackbird (Turdus merula), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.eurbla.01",Turdus merula,Turdus_merula
217,26873,Turdidae,Turdus,pilaris,26791,Turdidae,Turdus,merula,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,extended,bill.feet,same,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYhusqdG3cs,fighting over apple,photo,"Fieldfere and Blackbird ""Turdus merula"" fighting over apples in an orchard, Herefordshire, England, UK",https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-fieldfere-and-blackbird-turdus-merula-fighting-over-apples-in-an-orchard-43438483.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=EC2472FE-7886-4FD0-AABB-B85860CB8DED&p=31957&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch=foo%3dbar%26st%3d0%26pn%3d1%26ps%3d100%26sortby%3d2%26resultview%3dsortbyPopular%26npgs%3d0%26qt%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26qt_raw%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26lic%3d3%26mr%3d0%26pr%3d0%26ot%3d0%26creative%3d%26ag%3d0%26hc%3d0%26pc%3d%26blackwhite%3d%26cutout%3d%26tbar%3d1%26et%3d0x000000000000000000000%26vp%3d0%26loc%3d0%26imgt%3d0%26dtfr%3d%26dtto%3d%26size%3d0xFF%26archive%3d1%26groupid%3d%26pseudoid%3d%26a%3d%26cdid%3d%26cdsrt%3d%26name%3d%26qn%3d%26apalib%3d%26apalic%3d%26lightbox%3d%26gname%3d%26gtype%3d%26xstx%3d0%26simid%3d%26saveQry%3d%26editorial%3d1%26nu%3d%26t%3d%26edoptin%3d%26customgeoip%3d%26cap%3d1%26cbstore%3d1%26vd%3d0%26lb%3d%26fi%3d2%26edrf%3d%26ispremium%3d1%26flip%3d0%26pl%3d,https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-fieldfere-and-blackbird-turdus-merula-fighting-over-apples-in-an-orchard-43438483.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=EC2472FE-7886-4FD0-AABB-B85860CB8DED&p=31957&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch=foo%3dbar%26st%3d0%26pn%3d1%26ps%3d100%26sortby%3d2%26resultview%3dsortbyPopular%26npgs%3d0%26qt%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26qt_raw%3dblackbirds%2520fighting%26lic%3d3%26mr%3d0%26pr%3d0%26ot%3d0%26creative%3d%26ag%3d0%26hc%3d0%26pc%3d%26blackwhite%3d%26cutout%3d%26tbar%3d1%26et%3d0x000000000000000000000%26vp%3d0%26loc%3d0%26imgt%3d0%26dtfr%3d%26dtto%3d%26size%3d0xFF%26archive%3d1%26groupid%3d%26pseudoid%3d%26a%3d%26cdid%3d%26cdsrt%3d%26name%3d%26qn%3d%26apalib%3d%26apalic%3d%26lightbox%3d%26gname%3d%26gtype%3d%26xstx%3d0%26simid%3d%26saveQry%3d%26editorial%3d1%26nu%3d%26t%3d%26edoptin%3d%26customgeoip%3d%26cap%3d1%26cbstore%3d1%26vd%3d0%26lb%3d%26fi%3d2%26edrf%3d%26ispremium%3d1%26flip%3d0%26pl%3d,Europe,Paul Weston,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,3,1,2,1,0,NA,0,3,1,"Collar, N. (2020). Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.fieldf.01",Turdus pilaris,Turdus_pilaris
218,26877,Turdidae,Turdus,philomelos,26791,Turdidae,Turdus,merula,threat,on.ground,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Cramp, S. 1988. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Volume V. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.; photo: https://www.alamy.com/song-thrush-turdus-philomelos-aggressive-interaction-between-two-birds-whilst-bathing-hungary-may-image357409233.html",fighting over apple,photo,"Song thrush, Turdus philomelos, single bird in snow fighting with Blackbird, Warwickshire, March 2018",https://www.dreamstime.com/song-thrush-turdus-philomelos-single-bird-snow-fighting-blackbird-warwickshire-march-song-thrush-turdus-philomelos-image111789573,https://www.dreamstime.com/song-thrush-turdus-philomelos-single-bird-snow-fighting-blackbird-warwickshire-march-song-thrush-turdus-philomelos-image111789573,Europe,Mikelane45,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,0,NA,NA,NA,3,NA,"Collar, N. (2020). Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.sonthr1.01",Turdus philomelos,Turdus_philomelos
219,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,12278,unidentified,unidentified,unidentified,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4044031); some variation in bill in intraspecific interactions",Turdus threatening at food table as tanager flies in,photo,It was a stick ...,http://en.wikiaves.com/310354,http://en.wikiaves.com/310354,South America,Jose Ricardo Cattanio,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,NA,NA,NA,2,0,"Collar, N. (2020). Rufous-bellied Thrush (Turdus rufiventris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rubthr1.01",Turdus rufiventris,Turdus_rufiventris
220,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.normal,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,hanging,bill,same,"photos in wikiaves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4044031); some variation in bill","at fruit feeder, Turdus just off ground in air",photo,orange thrush (Turdus rufiventris) Great-saw (Pitangus sulphuratus) Mafra-SC 04/26/2016 --- dispute for food.,http://en.wikiaves.com/2097893,http://en.wikiaves.com/2097893,South America,Ivan Rocha,1,0,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,3,NA,0,NA,NA,NA,3,1,"Collar, N. (2020). Rufous-bellied Thrush (Turdus rufiventris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rubthr1.01",Turdus rufiventris,Turdus_rufiventris
221,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4044031); some variation in bill","at food, both displaying",photo,Tiê-blood angry with the thrush!,http://en.wikiaves.com/1388784,http://en.wikiaves.com/1388784,South America,Paulo Machado,3,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,NA,NA,NA,2,0,"Collar, N. (2020). Rufous-bellied Thrush (Turdus rufiventris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rubthr1.01",Turdus rufiventris,Turdus_rufiventris
222,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4044031); some variation in bill",at banana,photo,"Once upon a time there was a Sabiá in the mansion that did not allow anyone to approach his banana. Until a liberator of the poor and oppressed, Sanhaçu Gray appeared.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1161484,http://en.wikiaves.com/1161484,South America,Luiz Moschini De Souza,2,0,3,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,NA,NA,NA,3,0,"Collar, N. (2020). Rufous-bellied Thrush (Turdus rufiventris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rubthr1.01",Turdus rufiventris,Turdus_rufiventris
223,26927,Turdidae,Turdus,leucomelas,31594,Icteridae,Icterus,pyrrhopterus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar to congener,"Dabelsteen, T. 1982. Variation in the response of freeliving blackbirds Turdus merula to playback of song: I. Effect of continuous stimulation and perdictability of the response. Z. Tierpsychol. 58: 311-328.; photo: https://www.mindenpictures.com/stock-photo-eurasian-blackbird-turdus-merula-males-fighting-gelderland-netherlands-naturephotography-image70042456.html",at fruit feeder,photo,Fighting with the bank thrush. In the backyard.,http://en.wikiaves.com/3711224,http://en.wikiaves.com/3711224,South America,Antonio Carlos Iglesias,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,NA,1,0,2,"Collar, N. and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). Pale-breasted Thrush (Turdus leucomelas), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.pabthr1.01",Turdus leucomelas,Turdus_leucomelas
224,26932,Turdidae,Turdus,amaurochalinus,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar to congener,"Dabelsteen, T. 1982. Variation in the response of freeliving blackbirds Turdus merula to playback of song: I. Effect of continuous stimulation and perdictability of the response. Z. Tierpsychol. 58: 311-328.; photo: https://www.mindenpictures.com/stock-photo-eurasian-blackbird-turdus-merula-males-fighting-gelderland-netherlands-naturephotography-image70042456.html",thrush is defending feeder from tanager,photo,"This beautiful specimen appeared in our garden a few days ago ... it landed on the feeder and was there suspiciously snacking, looking sideways, when this gray slaughter dared to reach the same banana ... argued and ... up on another banana ... lol",http://en.wikiaves.com/679915,http://en.wikiaves.com/679915,South America,Cris Campanella,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,NA,1,2,0,"Collar, N. and E. de Juana (2020). Creamy-bellied Thrush (Turdus amaurochalinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.crbthr1.01",Turdus amaurochalinus,Turdus_amaurochalinus
225,26932,Turdidae,Turdus,amaurochalinus,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,similar to congener,"Dabelsteen, T. 1982. Variation in the response of freeliving blackbirds Turdus merula to playback of song: I. Effect of continuous stimulation and perdictability of the response. Z. Tierpsychol. 58: 311-328.; photo: https://www.mindenpictures.com/stock-photo-eurasian-blackbird-turdus-merula-males-fighting-gelderland-netherlands-naturephotography-image70042456.html",defending fruit from incoming palm tanager,photo,I would like to identify the second bird,http://en.wikiaves.com/196782,http://en.wikiaves.com/196782,South America,Carlos Ponce,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,NA,0,2,1,"Collar, N. and E. de Juana (2020). Creamy-bellied Thrush (Turdus amaurochalinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.crbthr1.01",Turdus amaurochalinus,Turdus_amaurochalinus
226,27408,Muscicapidae,Erithacus ,rubecula,25860,Sittidae,Sitta,europea,threat,in.air,above,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,not.visible,extended,bill,similar,"similar to aggressive posturing between conspecifics seen in video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gF8xIYyBICs) with wings open and head lowered forward, but birds are on ground instead of in air",,photo,Fight between an European robin and a Nuthatch during Winter in forest.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/eurasian-nuthatch-sitta-europaea/fight-between-european-robin-and-nuthatch-during-winter,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/204625341,Europe,Frédéric Demeuse,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,1,0,NA,0,2,1,"Collar, N. (2020). European Robin (Erithacus rubecula), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.eurrob1.01",Erithacus rubecula,Erithacus_rubecula
227,27642,Muscicapidae,Myiomela,leucura,21471,several species,several species,several species,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,"focal bird interacts with several individuals of different species at feeding station, but clearest display described here (approx. 0:06 in video)",video,A male visiting a feeding station and fighting with other species.,https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/white-tailed-blue-robin-myiomela-leucura/male-visiting-feeding-station-and-fighting-other,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201490551,Asia,Josep del Hoyo,2,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,3,NA,0,0,"Collar, N., J. del Hoyo, D. A. Christie, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-tailed Robin (Myiomela leucura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whtrob2.01",Cinclidium leucurum,Cinclidium_leucurum
228,27642,Muscicapidae,Myiomela,leucura,23975,Pellorneidae,Alcippe,morrisonia,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,wing.horizontal,open.forward,down.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,focal bird arrives at feeding station and displaces fulvetta; description initial threat displace at 0:01s,video,"A male arriving at a feeding point, eating mealworms while exeplling several Grey-cheeked Fulvettas and finally taking off (slow motion).",https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/white-tailed-blue-robin-myiomela-leucura/male-arriving-feeding-point-eating-mealworms,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201490461,Asia,Josep del Hoyo,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,3,NA,0,0,"Collar, N., J. del Hoyo, D. A. Christie, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-tailed Robin (Myiomela leucura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whtrob2.01",Cinclidium leucurum,Cinclidium_leucurum
229,27642,Muscicapidae,Myiomela,leucura,24176,Pellorneidae,Pellorneum,tickelli,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,partially.spread,wing.horizontal,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,"focal bird arrives at feeding station, displacing babbler as it arrives; another approaches while focal bird is feeding (display descibed here at 0:13s)",video,"A male in a feeding station, eating mealworms and exeplling two Buff-breasted Babblers (slow motion).",https://www.hbw.com/ibc/video/white-tailed-blue-robin-myiomela-leucura/male-feeding-station-eating-mealworms-and,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/201490491,Asia,Josep del Hoyo,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,3,NA,0,0,"Collar, N., J. del Hoyo, D. A. Christie, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). White-tailed Robin (Myiomela leucura), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.whtrob2.01",Cinclidium leucurum,Cinclidium_leucurum
230,28789,Passeridae,Passer,domesticus,4286,Columbidae,Columbina,minuta,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,upperwing.forward,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Lowther, P. E. and C. L. Cink (2020). House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.houspa.01; intense threat image","at feeder, wings raised to highlight upper wing",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1211846,http://en.wikiaves.com/1211846,South America,Julio Camargo,0,1,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,NA,0,3,0,"Lowther, P. E. and C. L. Cink (2020). House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.houspa.01",Passer domesticus,Passer_domesticus
231,28789,Passeridae,Passer,domesticus,31641,Icteridae,Molothrus,bonariensis,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"Lowther, P. E. and C. L. Cink (2020). House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.houspa.01; threat posture image",bird approached from air,photo,Shiny Cowbird,http://en.wikiaves.com/3266139,http://en.wikiaves.com/3266139,South America,Rachel Ameno,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,NA,1,3,0,"Lowther, P. E. and C. L. Cink (2020). House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.houspa.01",Passer domesticus,Passer_domesticus
232,29976,Fringillidae,Hesperiphona,vespertina,30001,Fringillidae,Pinicola,enucleator,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,upperwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Gillihan, S. W. and B. E. Byers (2020). Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.evegro.01; photo: https://jacethebirdnerd.com/2018/05/24/evening-grosbeak-and-black-headed-grosbeak/",at feeder; description of display at 0:04s (right side),video,Counting Birds For Science In Manitouwadge Ontario – Jan 23 2019,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY0AjlD9X0w&t=62s,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY0AjlD9X0w&t=62s,North America,Cornell Lab Bird Cams,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,2,NA,1,1,1,"Gillihan, S. W. and B. E. Byers (2020). Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.evegro.01",Coccothraustes vespertinus,Coccothraustes_vespertinus
233,29976,Fringillidae,Hesperiphona,vespertina,30001,Fringillidae,Pinicola,enucleator,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Gillihan, S. W. and B. E. Byers (2020). Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.evegro.01; photo: https://jacethebirdnerd.com/2018/05/24/evening-grosbeak-and-black-headed-grosbeak/",at feeder; description of display at 0:41s (left side) and elsewhere,video,Counting Birds For Science In Manitouwadge Ontario – Jan 23 2019,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY0AjlD9X0w&t=62s,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY0AjlD9X0w&t=62s,North America,Cornell Lab Bird Cams,0,2,3,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,2,NA,0,1,0,"Gillihan, S. W. and B. E. Byers (2020). Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.evegro.01",Coccothraustes vespertinus,Coccothraustes_vespertinus
234,30481,Fringillidae,Spinus,pinus,30001,Fringillidae,Pinicola,enucleator,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,spread.outward,upperwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Dawson, W. R. (2020). Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pinsis.01; photo: https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/pine-siskin-spinus-pin",at feeder; description of displays at 0:47s,video,Counting Birds For Science In Manitouwadge Ontario – Jan 23 2019,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY0AjlD9X0w&t=62s,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY0AjlD9X0w&t=62s,North America,Cornell Lab Bird Cams,0,1,3,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,NA,NA,1,1,"Dawson, W. R. (2020). Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.pinsis.01",Carduelis pinus,Carduelis_pinus
235,30481,Fringillidae,Spinus,pinus,30001,Fringillidae,Pinicola,enucleator,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,upperwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Dawson, W. R. (2020). Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pinsis.01; photo: https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/pine-siskin-spinus-pinus-gm867750036-144488571",at feeder; description of displays at 01:32s (right side),video,Counting Birds For Science In Manitouwadge Ontario – Jan 23 2019,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY0AjlD9X0w&t=62s,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY0AjlD9X0w&t=62s,North America,Cornell Lab Bird Cams,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,2,NA,NA,2,1,"Dawson, W. R. (2020). Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.pinsis.01",Carduelis pinus,Carduelis_pinus
236,30495,Fringillidae,Spinus,magellanica,33349,Thraupidae,Sporophila,nigricollis,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,upperwing.forward,not.visible,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1980184)","both on branches, siskin with upper wings displayed forward",photo,"Fighting ugly with a goldfinch. Then they came out on the ""slap"" and almost fell to the ground.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1652714,http://en.wikiaves.com/1652714,South America,Wagner Nogueira,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,NA,NA,2,1,"Clement, P. (2020). Hooded Siskin (Spinus magellanicus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.hoosis1.01",Carduelis magellanica,Carduelis_magellanica
237,30537,Fringillidae,Euphonia,violacea,32863,Thraupidae,Dacnis,nigripes,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3533082)",defending banana,photo,"In another photo I published, it shows this black-legged Said intimidating a young Gaturamo, shortly afterwards this adult Gaturamo came to take satisfaction rssss",http://en.wikiaves.com/1000957,http://en.wikiaves.com/1000957,South America,Pedro C. Silva,2,1,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,1,0,NA,NA,0,"Martinez, D. (2020). Violaceous Euphonia (Euphonia violacea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.vioeup1.01",Euphonia violacea,Euphonia_violacea
238,30537,Fringillidae,Euphonia,violacea,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.upright,flapping,wing.horizontal,open.forward,trailing.fanned,partly.extended,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2158117)","in flight, dacnis above euphonia",photo,handsome handsome (male) fighting with blue skirt. An immense happiness when registering these two beautiful birds in this pose!,http://en.wikiaves.com/1058826,http://en.wikiaves.com/1058826,South America,Itamar Campos,1,1,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,1,0,NA,NA,0,"Martinez, D. (2020). Violaceous Euphonia (Euphonia violacea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.vioeup1.01",Euphonia violacea,Euphonia_violacea
239,30537,Fringillidae,Euphonia,violacea,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2158117)","on fruit feeder, very close, female dacnis, male euphonia",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/153438,http://en.wikiaves.com/153438,South America,Claudio Cortez Ferreira,2,1,3,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,1,0,NA,NA,0,"Martinez, D. (2020). Violaceous Euphonia (Euphonia violacea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.vioeup1.01",Euphonia violacea,Euphonia_violacea
240,30537,Fringillidae,Euphonia,violacea,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3533082)","both females, sitting on branches, with banana",photo,"Gaturamo-real female (left), fighting with female blue skirt (right).",http://en.wikiaves.com/1754570,http://en.wikiaves.com/1754570,South America,Cintia Menezes Santos Neves,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,2,NA,NA,0,"Martinez, D. (2020). Violaceous Euphonia (Euphonia violacea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.vioeup1.01",Euphonia violacea,Euphonia_violacea
241,30552,Fringillidae,Euphonia,chalybea,32791,Thraupidae,Tangara,preciosa,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar to congener,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3533082)",territorial fight on branch,photo,A little territorial dispute,http://en.wikiaves.com/736478,http://en.wikiaves.com/736478,South America,Maria Elisa Silva ,2,1,2,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,NA,NA,2,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Green-throated Euphonia (Euphonia chalybea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.gnteup1.01",Euphonia chalybea,Euphonia_chalybea
242,30586,Fringillidae,Euphonia,xanthogaster,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar to congener,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3533082)",birds displaying at feeder,photo,Palm Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/343686,http://en.wikiaves.com/343686,South America,Valdir Hobus,2,1,3,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Orange-bellied Euphonia (Euphonia xanthogaster), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.orbeup1.01",Euphonia xanthogaster,Euphonia_xanthogaster
243,30601,Fringillidae,Euphonia,pectoralis,32779,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,raised.upward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1080827) show that birds have closed wings and raised back",male of each spp fighting over banana,photo,Dispute for the banana every day!,http://en.wikiaves.com/2096823,http://en.wikiaves.com/2096823,South America,André Luiz Briso,0,1,1,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,NA,NA,3,1,1,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Chestnut-bellied Euphonia (Euphonia pectoralis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.chbeup1.01",Euphonia pectoralis,Euphonia_pectoralis
244,30843,Passerellidae,Zonotrichia ,capensis,32532,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,carbo,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.upright,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/422799)",birds displaying on branch,photo,Fighting for a place in the feeder,http://en.wikiaves.com/552910,http://en.wikiaves.com/552910,South America,Amarildo Jordão,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,3,NA,1,2,0,"Rising, J. D. and A. Jaramillo (2020). Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rucspa1.01",Zonotrichia capensis,Zonotrichia_capensis
245,30843,Passerellidae,Zonotrichia ,capensis,33206,Thraupidae,Sicalis,flaveola,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.normal,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1597415)","Zonotrichia on seed, Sicalis appears to be retreating backward",photo,Disputing the feeder with the tico-tico.,http://en.wikiaves.com/2902581,http://en.wikiaves.com/2902581,South America,Gabriel Spenassatto,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,NA,0,2,2,"Rising, J. D. and A. Jaramillo (2020). Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rucspa1.01",Zonotrichia capensis,Zonotrichia_capensis
246,31494,Icteridae,Cacicus,chrysopterus,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,down.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,"at banana, cacique above, tanager below",photo,"A privilege to have seen this scene ..Tiê blood and Tecelão, face to face, disputed for 10 seconds who would be the ""owner"" of the banana ...They did not peck at any time, they were just aggressive, in a frantic war of nerves ...In the end, with so many bananas available, Tiê blood left the victorious Weaver and went to another fruit in the feeder. Day in the company of friends, Daniel and Bruna.",http://en.wikiaves.com/200437,http://en.wikiaves.com/200437,South America,João Marcelo da Costa,0,0,2,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,3,3,0,1,0,NA,NA,0,"Fraga, R. (2020). Golden-winged Cacique (Cacicus chrysopterus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.gowcac1.01",Cacicus chrysopterus,Cacicus_chrysopterus
247,31494,Icteridae,Cacicus,chrysopterus,32570,Thraupidae,Thraupis,cyanoptera,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.normal,spread.outward,underwing.forward,closed.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,both perched,photo,Fighting with a weaver .... In the company of friends Luis Maluf and Luiz R. Neto! The place is wonderful and Marcos and Patrícia's hospitality is 100%!,http://en.wikiaves.com/2171672,http://en.wikiaves.com/2171672,South America,Maurício Poletti,0,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,1,NA,NA,0,"Fraga, R. (2020). Golden-winged Cacique (Cacicus chrysopterus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.gowcac1.01",Cacicus chrysopterus,Cacicus_chrysopterus
248,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus,haemorrhous,26055,Mimidae,Mimus,saturninus,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3146308)","both aggressively displaying at food table, cacique moved forward, mockingbird retreating (2 photos, described separately)",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1098436,http://en.wikiaves.com/1098436,South America,Flavio Leal 2,1,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,0,2,NA,NA,0,"Fraga, R. (2020). Red-rumped Cacique (Cacicus haemorrhous), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rercac1.01",Cacicus haemorrhous,Cacicus_haemorrhous
249,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus,haemorrhous,26055,Mimidae,Mimus,saturninus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3146308)","both aggressively displaying at food table, cacique moved forward, mockingbird retreating (2 photos, described separately)",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1098437,http://en.wikiaves.com/1098437,South America,Flavio Leal 2,0,2,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,3,0,0,1,NA,NA,1,"Fraga, R. (2020). Red-rumped Cacique (Cacicus haemorrhous), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rercac1.01",Cacicus haemorrhous,Cacicus_haemorrhous
250,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus,haemorrhous,32383,Thraupidae,Cissopis,leverianus,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2927035)","at fruit feeder, magpie tanager leaning away",photo,Observation made in the company of Norica.,http://en.wikiaves.com/1786226,http://en.wikiaves.com/1786226,South America,Antonio Carlos Iglesias,1,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,3,0,0,1,NA,NA,0,"Fraga, R. (2020). Red-rumped Cacique (Cacicus haemorrhous), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rercac1.01",Cacicus haemorrhous,Cacicus_haemorrhous
251,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus,haemorrhous,32383,Thraupidae,Cissopis,leverianus,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,side.oriented,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.side,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3146308)",both perched,photo,A little discussion between Guaxe and Tietinga kk Walking on the Tucanos Trail with Luiz Carlos dos Santos and Mariza Sanches.,http://en.wikiaves.com/2163032,http://en.wikiaves.com/2163032,South America,Thiago Martins,1,1,2,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,0,1,NA,NA,0,"Fraga, R. (2020). Red-rumped Cacique (Cacicus haemorrhous), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rercac1.01",Cacicus haemorrhous,Cacicus_haemorrhous
252,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus ,haemorrhous,32383,Thraupidae,Cissopis ,leverianus,threat,in.air,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,closed.forward,raised.fanned,partly.extended,bill,different,"seemingly lots of variation in aerial displays: e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3124808",cacique approaching in air,photo,The moods are high !!!,http://en.wikiaves.com/393383,http://en.wikiaves.com/393383,South America,Marcia Carvalho,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,0,0,NA,NA,0,"Fraga, R. (2020). Red-rumped Cacique (Cacicus haemorrhous), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rercac1.01",Cacicus haemorrhous,Cacicus_haemorrhous
253,31594,Icteridae,Icterus,pyrrhopterus,26927,Turdidae,Turdus,leucomelas,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3757126; http://en.wikiaves.com/424114)",at fruit feeder,photo,Fighting with the bank thrush. In the backyard.,http://en.wikiaves.com/3711224,http://en.wikiaves.com/3711224,South America,Antonio Carlos Iglesias,1,2,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,NA,NA,NA,0,NA,0,"Fraga, R. and E. de Juana (2020). Variable Oriole (Icterus pyrrhopterus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.epaori4.01",Icterus cayanensis,Icterus_cayanensis
254,31612,Icteridae,Agelaius,phoeniceus,19873,Corvidae,Cyanocitta,cristata,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,wing.horizontal,open.forward,down.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"Yasukawa, K. and W. A. Searcy (2019). Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org/10.2173/bna.rewbla.02; photo: https://birdsoftheworld-org.proxy.queensu.ca/bow/species/rewbla/cur/behavior",adult male displaying at jay at bird feeder (0:07s),video,"bird feeder, Ithaca, New York, USA",https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QUZEBgeMPk,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QUZEBgeMPk,North America,Cornell Lab of Ornithology,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,1,NA,NA,0,0,"Yasukawa, K. and W. A. Searcy (2020). Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rewbla.01",Agelaius phoeniceus,Agelaius_phoeniceus
255,31641,Icteridae,Molothrus,bonariensis,28789,Passeridae,Passer,domesticus,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.fanned,extended,feet,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2303534) show similarity to interactions in the air",bird approaching from air,photo,Shiny Cowbird,http://en.wikiaves.com/3266139,http://en.wikiaves.com/3266139,South America,Rachel Ameno,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,3,0,1,NA,NA,0,NA,1,1,"Lowther, P. E. and W. Post (2020). Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.shicow.01",Molothrus bonariensis,Molothrus_bonariensis
256,31875,Parulidae,Setophaga,pitiayumi,33426,Thraupidae,Coereba,flaveola,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,"parula above banaquit, latter seems to be retreating backwards (upside down in picture)",photo,"A small disagreement between Mariquita (Setophaga pitiayumi) and Cambacica (Coereba flaveola), strolled with friends Geraldo M. Pereira, Marcio Nery and Augustinho Nery.",http://en.wikiaves.com/2600793,http://en.wikiaves.com/2600793,South America,Maurílio Neto,2,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,0,1,NA,0,1,"Regelski, D. J. and R. R. Moldenhauer (2020). Tropical Parula (Setophaga pitiayumi), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.tropar.01",Parula pitiayumi,Parula_pitiayumi
257,32151,Mitrospingidae,Orthogonys,chloricterus,32571,Thraupidae,Thraupis,ornata,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/213186901,"on fruit, repelling Tangara",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1761330,http://en.wikiaves.com/1761330,South America,Luiz Moschini De Souza,3,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,NA,NA,3,NA,0,1,"Hilty, S. and E. de Juana (2020). Olive-green Tanager (Orthogonys chloricterus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.olgtan1.01",Orthogonys chloricterus,Orthogonys_chloricterus
258,32383,Thraupidae,Cissopis,leverianus,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus,haemorrhous,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,both perched,photo,A little discussion between Guaxe and Tietinga kk Walking on the Tucanos Trail with Luiz Carlos dos Santos and Mariza Sanches.,http://en.wikiaves.com/2163032,http://en.wikiaves.com/2163032,South America,Thiago Martins,2,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,2,NA,NA,NA,0,"Threlkeld, M. C. and K. J. Burns (2020). Magpie Tanager (Cissopis leverianus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.magtan2.01",Cissopis leverianus,Cissopis_leverianus
259,32383,Thraupidae,Cissopis ,leverianus,31511,Icteridae,Cacicus ,haemorrhous,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,closed.held.slightly.out,not.visible,not.visible,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,cacique approaching in air,photo,The moods are high !!!,http://en.wikiaves.com/393383,http://en.wikiaves.com/393383,South America,Marcia Carvalho,1,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,2,NA,NA,NA,0,"Threlkeld, M. C. and K. J. Burns (2020). Magpie Tanager (Cissopis leverianus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.magtan2.01",Cissopis leverianus,Cissopis_leverianus
260,32468,Thraupidae,Trichothraupis,melanops,30843,Passerellidae,Zonotrichia,capensis,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,tanager defends feeder,photo,Black-goggled Tanager; immature Zonotrichia,http://en.wikiaves.com/652074,http://en.wikiaves.com/652074,South America,Bruna Maia,2,1,3,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,1,NA,0,3,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Black-goggled Tanager (Trichothraupis melanops), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.blgtan1.01",Trichothraupis melanops,Trichothraupis_melanops
261,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus,coronatus,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4326745)",birds fighting over food,photo,Ruby-crowned Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/641938,http://en.wikiaves.com/641938,South America,Conceição Garcia Bianchini,2,0,2,0,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,0,NA,0,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Ruby-crowned Tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.ructan1.01",Tachyphonus coronatus,Tachyphonus_coronatus
262,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus ,coronatus,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4326745)",female; birds fighting over food,photo,this was just one of the many beautiful moments we were fortunate to witness during our delicious stay at Reserva Guainumbi during Carnival,http://en.wikiaves.com/402421,http://en.wikiaves.com/402421,South America,Cris Campanella,2,1,2,0,0,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,NA,1,3,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Ruby-crowned Tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.ructan1.01",Tachyphonus coronatus,Tachyphonus_coronatus
263,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus,coronatus,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,down.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3015403)",sayaca on banana lunging at female Tachyphonus,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1124612,http://en.wikiaves.com/1124612,South America,Carlos Roberto,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,2,3,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Ruby-crowned Tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.ructan1.01",Tachyphonus coronatus,Tachyphonus_coronatus
264,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus,coronatus,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat.defense,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,down.notfanned,partly.extended,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3015403)","Tachyphonus flying just above, possibly retreating or landing (description states that they are fighting over food)",photo,"Sanhaçu-gray and Tiê-Preto. They fight for food for survival, but they are sure that food will never be lacking, as it is a promise. ""Watch the birds do not reap, but the Father in heaven does not leave them without food"".",http://en.wikiaves.com/344785,http://en.wikiaves.com/344785,South America,José Carlos Garcia,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,0,3,0,2,0,1,NA,0,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Ruby-crowned Tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.ructan1.01",Tachyphonus coronatus,Tachyphonus_coronatus
265,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus,coronatus,32570,Thraupidae,Thraupis,cyanoptera,threat.defense,on.perch,side.oriented,forward.normal,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,side.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1058733)",on perch; Thraupis is in the air slight above - blurred and cutoff - did not include,photo,"In the company of my wife, Cláudia and the excellent guide and friend Betinho.",http://en.wikiaves.com/231174,http://en.wikiaves.com/231174,South America,Luciano Monferrari,2,1,1,0,0,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,0,NA,0,0,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Ruby-crowned Tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.ructan1.01",Tachyphonus coronatus,Tachyphonus_coronatus
266,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus,coronatus,33253,Thraupidae,Saltator,maximus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1058733)",female Tachyphonus; saltator on orange above tachyphonus,photo,"The two birds, whose name I do not know, were in a dispute over the orange.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1414636,http://en.wikiaves.com/1414636,South America,Sinésio Dioliveira,2,1,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,NA,1,0,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Ruby-crowned Tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.ructan1.01",Tachyphonus coronatus,Tachyphonus_coronatus
267,32532,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus ,carbo,30843,Passerellidae,Zonotrichia ,capensis,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,down.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4275019)",female Ramphocelus; birds displaying on branch,photo,Fighting for a place in the feeder,http://en.wikiaves.com/552910,http://en.wikiaves.com/552910,South America,Amarildo Jordão,1,0,2,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,NA,1,1,2,"Hilty, S. (2020). Silver-beaked Tanager (Ramphocelus carbo), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.sibtan2.01",Ramphocelus carbo,Ramphocelus_carbo
268,32532,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,carbo,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4275019)","on bananas, female Ramphocelus",photo,"Fighting for survival !!! I assume it is a sanhaço and a female of the red pipira, but as I'm not sure, I ask the kindness for someone to identify.",http://en.wikiaves.com/755054,http://en.wikiaves.com/755054,South America,Maria Miranda,1,1,3,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,1,3,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Silver-beaked Tanager (Ramphocelus carbo), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.sibtan2.01",Ramphocelus carbo,Ramphocelus_carbo
269,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus ,bresilia,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/690910)",male Ramphocelus; birds displaying at feeder,photo,Great Kiskadee,http://en.wikiaves.com/523772,http://en.wikiaves.com/523772,South America,Luana Miranda,2,2,3,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,2,NA,0,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bratan1.01",Ramphocelus bresilius,Ramphocelus_bresilius
270,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/690910)",at fruit feed; kiskadee is a juvenile; ramphocelus is a female,photo,He was fighting for a delicious papaya with the female of the blood tiê.,http://en.wikiaves.com/558219,http://en.wikiaves.com/558219,South America,Pedro Vasconcellos,2,1,3,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,NA,0,3,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bratan1.01",Ramphocelus bresilius,Ramphocelus_bresilius
271,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/690910)","male Ramphocelus; at food, both displaying",photo,Tiê-blood angry with the thrush!,http://en.wikiaves.com/1388785,http://en.wikiaves.com/1388785,South America,Paulo Machado,1,3,2,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,3,NA,0,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bratan1.01",Ramphocelus bresilius,Ramphocelus_bresilius
272,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,31494,Icteridae,Cacicus,chrysopterus,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/611790)","at banana, cacique above, tanager below",photo,"A privilege to have seen this scene ..Tiê blood and Tecelão, face to face, disputed for 10 seconds who would be the ""owner"" of the banana ...They did not peck at any time, they were just aggressive, in a frantic war of nerves ...In the end, with so many bananas available, Tiê blood left the victorious Weaver and went to another fruit in the feeder. Day in the company of friends, Daniel and Bruna.",http://en.wikiaves.com/200437,http://en.wikiaves.com/200437,South America,João Marcelo da Costa,1,3,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,3,NA,0,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bratan1.01",Ramphocelus bresilius,Ramphocelus_bresilius
273,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1770411)",male Ramphocelus aggressive towards immature sayaca (retreating),photo,"Tiê vs Sanhaçu, on the Riviera de São Lourenço in Bertioga.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1196550,http://en.wikiaves.com/1196550,South America,Roberto Omori,1,3,3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,3,NA,0,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bratan1.01",Ramphocelus bresilius,Ramphocelus_bresilius
274,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,32571,Thraupidae,Thraupis,ornata,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,down.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1019069)",male displaying to ornata on perch,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1455084,http://en.wikiaves.com/1455084,South America,Eduardo Pimenta,1,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,3,2,0,2,NA,0,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bratan1.01",Ramphocelus bresilius,Ramphocelus_bresilius
275,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus ,bresilia,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1770411)",female Ramphocelus; birds displaying at feeder,photo,Palm Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/523957,http://en.wikiaves.com/523957,South America,Luana Miranda,2,1,3,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,0,3,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bratan1.01",Ramphocelus bresilius,Ramphocelus_bresilius
276,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,32587,Thraupidae,Thraupis,bonariensis,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1770411)",immature threatening bonariensis at banana,photo,The young tiê is very brave! I found it very interesting!,http://en.wikiaves.com/145078,http://en.wikiaves.com/145078,South America,Luciana Shiraichi,1,1,3,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NA,1,3,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bratan1.01",Ramphocelus bresilius,Ramphocelus_bresilius
277,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",at banana,photo,"Once upon a time there was a Sabiá in the mansion that did not allow anyone to approach his banana. Until a liberator of the poor and oppressed, Sanhaçu Gray appeared.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1161484,http://en.wikiaves.com/1161484,South America,Luiz Moschini De Souza,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,NA,1,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
278,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",on banana signaling to Turdus nearby that looks wary,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/2501953,http://en.wikiaves.com/2501953,South America,Leandro Augusto,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
279,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,26932,Turdidae,Turdus,amaurochalinus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",thrush is defending feeder from tanager,photo,"This beautiful specimen appeared in our garden a few days ago ... it landed on the feeder and was there suspiciously snacking, looking sideways, when this gray slaughter dared to reach the same banana ... argued and ... up on another banana ... lol",http://en.wikiaves.com/679915,http://en.wikiaves.com/679915,South America,Cris Campanella,2,2,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
280,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,28789,Passeridae,Passer,domesticus,threat,in.water,forward.normal,forward.lowered,spread.outward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"wings are more often closed in intraspecific signals (but see e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2126497)",displaying in water,photo,Sayaca Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/3167638,http://en.wikiaves.com/3167638,South America,Laudelino Moura Jr.,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
281,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,28789,Passeridae,Passer,domesticus,threat,in.water,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,partlyraised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)","in water bath, sparrow retreating",photo,Get out that this bathtub is mine ....,http://en.wikiaves.com/614107,http://en.wikiaves.com/614107,South America,Thiago Calil,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
282,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,30527,Fringillidae,Euphonia,chlorotica,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",tanager defends bananas,photo,Very nervous about sharing this banana,http://en.wikiaves.com/980515,http://en.wikiaves.com/980515,South America,Luisa Magalhaes,3,2,2,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,2,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
283,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus,coronatus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",birds fighting over food,photo,Ruby-crowned Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/641938,http://en.wikiaves.com/641938,South America,Conceição Garcia Bianchini,2,1,2,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,2,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
284,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus,coronatus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",sayaca on banana lunging at Tachyphonus; latter seems to be defensive,photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/1124612,http://en.wikiaves.com/1124612,South America,Carlos Roberto,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
285,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus,coronatus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)","Tachyphonus flying just above, possibly retreating or landing (description states that they are fighting over food); right wing/shoulder of sayaca lifted, displaying more towards Tachyphonus",photo,"Sanhaçu-gray and Tiê-Preto. They fight for food for survival, but they are sure that food will never be lacking, as it is a promise. ""Watch the birds do not reap, but the Father in heaven does not leave them without food"".",http://en.wikiaves.com/344785,http://en.wikiaves.com/344785,South America,José Carlos Garcia,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
286,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus ,coronatus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",birds fighting over food,photo,this was just one of the many beautiful moments we were fortunate to witness during our delicious stay at Reserva Guainumbi during Carnival,http://en.wikiaves.com/402421,http://en.wikiaves.com/402421,South America,Cris Campanella,2,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,NA,0,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
287,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32532,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,carbo,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)","on bananas, female Ramphocelus",photo,"Fighting for survival !!! I assume it is a sanhaço and a female of the red pipira, but as I'm not sure, I ask the kindness for someone to identify.",http://en.wikiaves.com/755054,http://en.wikiaves.com/755054,South America,Maria Miranda,3,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
288,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32541,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,bresilia,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",sayaca displaying at retreating Ramphocelus,photo,A sanhaçu and a tiê-blood fight for fruit.,http://en.wikiaves.com/1080456,http://en.wikiaves.com/1080456,South America,Maria Pinto,2,1,2,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
289,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32571,Thraupidae,Thraupis,ornata,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,partially.spread,wing.horizontal,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"wings are more often closed in intraspecific signals (but see e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2126497)",aggressive display to ornata at banana; likely precedes displacement of ornata by sayaca,photo,"interaction at banana feeder; Sapucaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil",http://en.wikiaves.com/1457161,http://en.wikiaves.com/1457161,South America,Eduardo Pimenta,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,2,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
290,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,threat.defense,in.water,forward.upright,forward.normal,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"wings are more often closed in intraspecific signals (but see e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2126497)",T. palmarum landing at birdbath occupied by T. episcopus,photo,Palm Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/916016,http://en.wikiaves.com/916016,South America,Ramsés Antunes da Luz,1,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
291,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)","on bananas, heads almost side by side, palmarum below",photo,"Although slightly smaller, Gray overcame Oliva (Sanhaçu do coconut tree) in the dispute for food!",http://en.wikiaves.com/1532841,http://en.wikiaves.com/1532841,South America,Antonio Lemos Maia,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
292,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)","posturing towards palmarum, palmarum retreating",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/677632,http://en.wikiaves.com/677632,South America,Aluisio Ribeiro,1,2,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
293,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.upright,partially.spread,upperwing.forward,open.forward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"wings are more often closed in intraspecific signals (but see e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2126497)",both sitting on concrete near food,photo,Gray Sanhaçu and Coconut Sanhaçu vying for food,http://en.wikiaves.com/1876013,http://en.wikiaves.com/1876013,South America,Anderson Tavares,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
294,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,partlyraised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)","on same branch, threatening each other",photo,UFC photo pose,http://en.wikiaves.com/3040248,http://en.wikiaves.com/3040248,South America,Gilmar Barros,3,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
295,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32587,Thraupidae,Thraupis,bonariensis,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",birds displaying at feeder,photo,Fighting for primacy on the banana with a gray sanhaçu,http://en.wikiaves.com/433537,http://en.wikiaves.com/433537,South America,Helena Backes,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,NA,0,2,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
296,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32587,Thraupidae,Thraupis,bonariensis,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",on same perch; male bonariensis,photo,Will you face it???,http://en.wikiaves.com/230870,http://en.wikiaves.com/230870,South America,Caco Schwertner,3,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
297,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32779,Thraupidae,Tangara,cayana,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,open.forward,raised.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"wings are more often closed in intraspecific signals (but see e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2126497)","sayaca aggressor, burnish-buffed tanager retreating",photo,in fact the one who is fighting is the gray-tailed goat [sayaca tanager] that was not letting them [burnish-buff tanagers] eat,http://en.wikiaves.com/1031457,http://en.wikiaves.com/1031457,South America,Maria Zumkeller,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
298,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32779,Thraupidae,Tangara,cayana,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)","both on branches, sayaca slighting higher",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/716428,http://en.wikiaves.com/716428,South America,Mariza Sanches,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
299,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,32779,Thraupidae,Tangara,cayana,threat,in.water,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)",at water bath threatening each other (male Tangara),photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/3144512,http://en.wikiaves.com/3144512,South America,Fábio Generoso,2,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
300,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,33206,Thraupidae,Sicalis,flaveola,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1758889)","both on fence, Sicalis turning away",photo,"Sanhaçu Gray and Canário da Terra Verdade, strangling because of food in the keeper of my house.",http://en.wikiaves.com/2510000,http://en.wikiaves.com/2510000,South America,Fabio Keller,3,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saytan1.01",Thraupis sayaca,Thraupis_sayaca
301,32570,Thraupidae,Thraupis,cyanoptera,30537,Fringillidae,Euphonia,violacea,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1750713)",tanager displaying at euphonia that is flying in,photo,Sanhaçu fighting with a beautiful handsome who approached in the company of beautiful handsome and came out seven colors!,http://en.wikiaves.com/1053815,http://en.wikiaves.com/1053815,South America,Itamar Campos,3,2,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,NA,0,3,"Hilty, S. (2020). Azure-shouldered Tanager (Thraupis cyanoptera), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.azstan1.01",Thraupis cyanoptera,Thraupis_cyanoptera
302,32570,Thraupidae,Thraupis,cyanoptera,31494,Icteridae,Cacicus,chrysopterus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/4051388)",both perched,photo,Fighting with a weaver .... In the company of friends Luis Maluf and Luiz R. Neto! The place is wonderful and Marcos and Patrícia's hospitality is 100%!,http://en.wikiaves.com/2171672,http://en.wikiaves.com/2171672,South America,Maurício Poletti,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,NA,0,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Azure-shouldered Tanager (Thraupis cyanoptera), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.azstan1.01",Thraupis cyanoptera,Thraupis_cyanoptera
303,32570,Thraupidae,Thraupis,cyanoptera,32151,Mitrospingidae,Orthogonys,chloricterus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1750713)",focal bird is threatening another at feeder,photo,Azure-shouldered tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/685714,http://en.wikiaves.com/685714,South America,Marco A. G. Freitas,3,1,2,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Azure-shouldered Tanager (Thraupis cyanoptera), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.azstan1.01",Thraupis cyanoptera,Thraupis_cyanoptera
304,32570,Thraupidae,Thraupis,cyanoptera,32779,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1750713)","on same branch, female dacnis leaning away",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/2141052,http://en.wikiaves.com/2141052,South America,Vilde Eriberto Florencio,3,2,2,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,3,NA,0,2,"Hilty, S. (2020). Azure-shouldered Tanager (Thraupis cyanoptera), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.azstan1.01",Thraupis cyanoptera,Thraupis_cyanoptera
305,32571,Thraupidae,Thraupis,ornata,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2755294)",kiskadee threatening tanager at feeding station,photo,In spite of its smaller size it faced the Good-bye and it did not leave position.,http://en.wikiaves.com/699958,http://en.wikiaves.com/699958,South America,Luiz Moschini De Souza,1,2,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,2,NA,0,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Golden-chevroned Tanager (Thraupis ornata), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.goctan2.01",Thraupis ornata,Thraupis_ornata
306,32571,Thraupidae,Thraupis,ornata,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,spread.outward,wing.horizontal,closed.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"flashes shoulder patches at reflection, lowers head in conspecific interactions (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3863336)",photo at banana feeder,photo,"banana feeder, São Luiz do Paraitinga, Sao Paulo, Brasil",http://en.wikiaves.com/758725,http://en.wikiaves.com/758725,South America,Marcelo Mariano,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,0,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Golden-chevroned Tanager (Thraupis ornata), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.goctan2.01",Thraupis ornata,Thraupis_ornata
307,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,30586,Fringillidae,Euphonia,xanthogaster,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1225496&tm=f&t=s&s=11584&o=mp&o=mp)",birds displaying at feeder,photo,Palm Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/343686,http://en.wikiaves.com/343686,South America,Valdir Hobus,2,0,2,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,NA,NA,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Palm Tanager (Thraupis palmarum), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.paltan1.01",Thraupis palmarum,Thraupis_palmarum
308,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,32532,Thraupidae,Ramphocelus,carbo,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.side,down.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1225496&tm=f&t=s&s=11584&o=mp&o=mp)",birds displaying at feeder; possibly retreating in response to threat by Ramphocelus,photo,Palm Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/523957,http://en.wikiaves.com/523957,South America,Luana Miranda,2,0,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,NA,NA,3,NA,1,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Palm Tanager (Thraupis palmarum), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.paltan1.01",Thraupis palmarum,Thraupis_palmarum
309,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.side,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill.face,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1225496&tm=f&t=s&s=11584&o=mp&o=mp)","on bananas, heads almost side by side, palmarum below",photo,"Although slightly smaller, Gray overcame Oliva (Sanhaçu do coconut tree) in the dispute for food!",http://en.wikiaves.com/1532841,http://en.wikiaves.com/1532841,South America,Antonio Lemos Maia,2,1,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,NA,NA,3,NA,1,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Palm Tanager (Thraupis palmarum), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.paltan1.01",Thraupis palmarum,Thraupis_palmarum
310,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,raised.upward,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1072781)",both sitting on concrete near food,photo,Gray Sanhaçu and Coconut Sanhaçu vying for food,http://en.wikiaves.com/1876013,http://en.wikiaves.com/1876013,South America,Anderson Tavares,0,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,NA,NA,3,NA,2,1,"Hilty, S. (2020). Palm Tanager (Thraupis palmarum), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.paltan1.01",Thraupis palmarum,Thraupis_palmarum
311,32573,Thraupidae,Thraupis,palmarum,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1225496&tm=f&t=s&s=11584&o=mp&o=mp)","on same branch, threatening each other",photo,UFC photo pose,http://en.wikiaves.com/3040248,http://en.wikiaves.com/3040248,South America,Gilmar Barros,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,NA,NA,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Palm Tanager (Thraupis palmarum), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.paltan1.01",Thraupis palmarum,Thraupis_palmarum
312,32587,Thraupidae,Thraupis,bonariensis,26921,Turdidae,Turdus,rufiventris,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,down.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/4040513 (middle bird))","female on perch with thrush, but below, thrush looking but not really responding",photo,DAVID AND GOLIAS - Chapter 3 RESPECT OF HIS MAJESTY to the enraged subject (young Sanhaçu-papa-orange.,http://en.wikiaves.com/179137,http://en.wikiaves.com/179137,South America,Oscar Abener Fenalti,3,3,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,3,NA,1,2,"Hilty, S., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, E. de Juana, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.baytan3.01",Thraupis bonariensis,Thraupis_bonariensis
313,32587,Thraupidae,Thraupis,bonariensis,28789,Passeridae,Passer,domesticus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,partlyraised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/4040513 (middle bird))","female bonariensis at food, head lowered; can't really see sparrow face, details",photo,Giving one gets there in a sparrow ... lol,http://en.wikiaves.com/136005,http://en.wikiaves.com/136005,South America,Lena Zingano,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,3,NA,2,2,"Hilty, S., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, E. de Juana, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.baytan3.01",Thraupis bonariensis,Thraupis_bonariensis
314,32587,Thraupidae,Thraupis,bonariensis,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/4040513 (middle bird))",bird displaying on branch,photo,Blue-and-yellow Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/668723,http://en.wikiaves.com/668723,South America,Kevyn Bianchini,2,1,2,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,3,NA,1,0,"Hilty, S., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, E. de Juana, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.baytan3.01",Thraupis bonariensis,Thraupis_bonariensis
315,32587,Thraupidae,Thraupis,bonariensis,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.upright,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,down.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/4040513 (middle bird))",birds displaying at feeder,photo,Fighting for primacy on the banana with a gray sanhaçu,http://en.wikiaves.com/433537,http://en.wikiaves.com/433537,South America,Helena Backes,2,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,3,2,0,0,2,NA,1,0,"Hilty, S., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, E. de Juana, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.baytan3.01",Thraupis bonariensis,Thraupis_bonariensis
316,32587,Thraupidae,Thraupis,bonariensis,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/4040513 (middle bird))",bonariensis threatening from above,photo,Blue-and-yellow Tanager ,http://en.wikiaves.com/428745,http://en.wikiaves.com/428745,South America,Mariza Sanches,3,2,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,0,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, E. de Juana, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.baytan3.01",Thraupis bonariensis,Thraupis_bonariensis
317,32587,Thraupidae,Thraupis,bonariensis,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,closed.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,similar,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/4040513 (middle bird))",on same perch; male bonariensis,photo,Will you face it???,http://en.wikiaves.com/230870,http://en.wikiaves.com/230870,South America,Caco Schwertner,0,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,3,0,0,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, E. de Juana, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.baytan3.01",Thraupis bonariensis,Thraupis_bonariensis
318,32779,Thraupidae,Tangara,cayana,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/305927)","tanager perched, hummingbird in flight",photo,Fight between Saira and Beija Flor Tesoura over the disputed perch on the porch of the house.,http://en.wikiaves.com/1795336,http://en.wikiaves.com/1795336,South America,Rodrigo Bittencourt,3,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,NA,NA,1,1,0,0,"Carlson, D. and K. J. Burns (2020). Burnished-buff Tanager (Stilpnia cayana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bubtan2.01",Tangara cayana,Tangara_cayana
319,32779,Thraupidae,Tangara,cayana,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/305927)",sayaca tanager is in water,photo,Burnished-buff Tanager,http://en.wikiaves.com/3144512,http://en.wikiaves.com/3144512,South America,Fábio Generoso,2,1,2,0,0,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,NA,NA,1,0,0,0,"Carlson, D. and K. J. Burns (2020). Burnished-buff Tanager (Stilpnia cayana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bubtan2.01",Tangara cayana,Tangara_cayana
320,32779,Thraupidae,Tangara,cayana,32565,Thraupidae,Thraupis,sayaca,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,closed.raised.off.back,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.fanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/305927)","both on branches, sayaca slighting higher",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/716428,http://en.wikiaves.com/716428,South America,Mariza Sanches,1,3,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,NA,NA,0,0,0,0,"Carlson, D. and K. J. Burns (2020). Burnished-buff Tanager (Stilpnia cayana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bubtan2.01",Tangara cayana,Tangara_cayana
321,32790,Thraupidae,Tangara,peruviana,32779,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/1615267)","both perched, female dacnis retreating",photo,"With this record I managed to reach the mark of 700 species. A special moment. Improving my record. In my mother's company Diná Galdino, from friend Ronaldo Garcia. Guided by friend Fabio Barata to whom I sincerely thank you for your welcome and co.",http://en.wikiaves.com/2168794,http://en.wikiaves.com/2168794,South America,Luciano Bernardes,3,3,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,NA,NA,2,0,0,0,"Hilty, S. and E. de Juana (2020). Black-backed Tanager (Stilpnia peruviana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.blbtan1.01",Tangara peruviana,Tangara_peruviana
322,32791,Thraupidae,Tangara,preciosa,30552,Fringillidae,Euphonia,chalybea,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/4178952)",female Tangara; territorial fight on branch,photo,A little territorial dispute,http://en.wikiaves.com/736478,http://en.wikiaves.com/736478,South America,Maria Elisa Silva ,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,2,2,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Chestnut-backed Tanager (Stilpnia preciosa), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.chbtan1.01",Tangara preciosa,Tangara_preciosa
323,32791,Thraupidae,Tangara,preciosa,32570,Thraupidae,Thraupis,cyanoptera,threat,on.perch,forward.normal,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., https://www.wikiaves.com.br/4178952)",on same branch; no obvious response by Thraupis,photo,"Observation made with Antonio Carlos, guided by Geiser Trivelato and Vilde Florêncio.",http://en.wikiaves.com/2116609,http://en.wikiaves.com/2116609,South America,Norica Iglesias,2,2,3,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,2,1,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Chestnut-backed Tanager (Stilpnia preciosa), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.chbtan1.01",Tangara preciosa,Tangara_preciosa
324,32863,Thraupidae,Dacnis,nigripes,30537,Fringillidae,Euphonia,violacea,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1442779)","defending banana (adult dacnis, immature euphonia)",photo,"This young Gaturamo ran, then he was intimidated by an adult Gaturamo as shown in the other photo I published.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1000956,http://en.wikiaves.com/1000956,South America,Pedro C. Silva,2,1,3,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,3,NA,0,0,"O'Hara, C., C. H. Richart, and K. J. Burns (2020). Black-legged Dacnis (Dacnis nigripes), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.blldac1.01",Dacnis nigripes,Dacnis_nigripes
325,32863,Thraupidae,Dacnis,nigripes,30586,Fringillidae,Euphonia,xanthogaster,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1442779)",displaying on fence,photo,Black-legged Dacnis,http://en.wikiaves.com/3160869,http://en.wikiaves.com/3160869,South America,Ramsés Antunes da Luz,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,3,NA,0,0,"O'Hara, C., C. H. Richart, and K. J. Burns (2020). Black-legged Dacnis (Dacnis nigripes), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.blldac1.01",Dacnis nigripes,Dacnis_nigripes
326,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1442779&tm=f&t=b&o=dp&desc=1&o=dp)","at nectar feeder, hummingbird displaying in air, dacnis on perch",photo,"Beija-flor thinks it's his drinker, but this blue Saí there doesn't really agree ...",http://en.wikiaves.com/149494,http://en.wikiaves.com/149494,South America,Pedro Perez,2,1,3,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,1,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Blue Dacnis (Dacnis cayana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bludac1.01",Dacnis cayana,Dacnis_cayana
327,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,30537,Fringillidae,Euphonia,violacea,threat,in.air,forward.upright,forward.lowered,flapping,underwing.forward,open.forward,trailing.fanned,partly.extended,bill.feet,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1463406)","in flight, dacnis above euphonia",photo,handsome handsome (male) fighting with blue skirt. An immense happiness when registering these two beautiful birds in this pose!,http://en.wikiaves.com/1058826,http://en.wikiaves.com/1058826,South America,Itamar Campos,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,3,2,3,0,1,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Blue Dacnis (Dacnis cayana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bludac1.01",Dacnis cayana,Dacnis_cayana
328,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,30537,Fringillidae,Euphonia,violacea,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.upright,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1070256)","on fruit feeder, very close, female dacnis, male euphonia; dacnis may be retreating",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/153438,http://en.wikiaves.com/153438,South America,Claudio Cortez Ferreira,1,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,3,NA,1,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Blue Dacnis (Dacnis cayana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bludac1.01",Dacnis cayana,Dacnis_cayana
329,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,30601,Fringillidae,Euphonia,pectoralis,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1442779&tm=f&t=b&o=dp&desc=1&o=dp)",male of each spp fighting over banana,photo,Dispute for the banana every day!,http://en.wikiaves.com/2096823,http://en.wikiaves.com/2096823,South America,André Luiz Briso,3,2,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,1,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Blue Dacnis (Dacnis cayana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bludac1.01",Dacnis cayana,Dacnis_cayana
330,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,32570,Thraupidae,Thraupis,cyanoptera,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.upright,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.concealed,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1442779&tm=f&t=b&o=dp&desc=1&o=dp)","on same branch, female dacnis leaning away",photo,none,http://en.wikiaves.com/2141052,http://en.wikiaves.com/2141052,South America,Vilde Eriberto Florencio,2,2,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Blue Dacnis (Dacnis cayana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bludac1.01",Dacnis cayana,Dacnis_cayana
331,32867,Thraupidae,Dacnis,cayana,33426,Thraupidae,Coereba,flaveola,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,down.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/1442779&tm=f&t=b&o=dp&desc=1&o=dp)",birds displaying at feeder,photo,Blue Dacnis,http://en.wikiaves.com/508840,http://en.wikiaves.com/508840,South America,Flavio Garcia,1,2,3,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,1,3,NA,0,0,"Hilty, S. (2020). Blue Dacnis (Dacnis cayana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.bludac1.01",Dacnis cayana,Dacnis_cayana
332,33206,Thraupidae,Sicalis,flaveola,10242,Picidae,Picumnus,temminckii,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,not.visible,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3251350)","female; leaning forward towards piculet, which is upside down on branch",photo,"curiosity, a different sp fight !!",http://en.wikiaves.com/1285263,http://en.wikiaves.com/1285263,South America,Elio Costa,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,NA,NA,NA,1,3,1,"Rising, J. D. and A. Jaramillo (2020). Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.saffin.01",Sicalis flaveola,Sicalis_flaveola
333,33253,Thraupidae,Saltator,maximus,32503,Thraupidae,Tachyphonus,coronatus,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,saltator on orange above tachyphonus,photo,"The two birds, whose name I do not know, were in a dispute over the orange.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1414636,http://en.wikiaves.com/1414636,South America,Sinésio Dioliveira,1,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,3,NA,1,1,"McAfee, A. and K. J. Burns (2020). Buff-throated Saltator (Saltator maximus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.butsal1.01",Saltator maximus,Saltator_maximus
334,33260,Thraupidae,Saltator,similis,15743,Tyrannidae,Pitangus,sulphuratus,threat.defense,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,down.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,defending feeder,photo,the iron crack here is the one that faces the good neighbor you,http://en.wikiaves.com/3215679,http://en.wikiaves.com/3215679,South America,Marcus Locatelli,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,NA,0,2,"Brewer, D. (2020). Green-winged Saltator (Saltator similis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.grwsal1.01",Saltator similis,Saltator_similis
335,33342,Thraupidae,Sporophila,collaris,14735,Tyrannidae,Elaenia,flavogaster,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,unknown,NA,male seedeater threatening elaenia; eleania not really reacting,photo,Fight between the coleiro-do-brejo and the yellow-bellied guaracava. In the company of friends David Steinwender and Francisco Falcon.,http://en.wikiaves.com/3023904,http://en.wikiaves.com/3023904,South America,Sandro Paixão,1,3,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,NA,0,1,1,"Jaramillo, A. (2020). Rusty-collared Seedeater (Sporophila collaris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.rucsee1.01",Sporophila collaris,Sporophila_collaris
336,33349,Thraupidae,Sporophila,nigricollis,30495,Fringillidae,Spinus,magellanica,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.lowered,closed.held.slightly.out,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,partlyraised.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/2183868)",both on branches,photo,"Fighting ugly with a goldfinch. Then they came out on the ""slap"" and almost fell to the ground.",http://en.wikiaves.com/1652714,http://en.wikiaves.com/1652714,South America,Wagner Nogueira,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,NA,NA,3,1,"Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Yellow-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila nigricollis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.yebsee1.01",Sporophila nigricollis,Sporophila_nigricollis
337,33426,Thraupidae,Coereba,flaveola,2522,Trochilidae,Eupetomena,macroura,threat,on.perch,forward.lowered,forward.normal,closed.flat,wing.closed.shoulder.visible,open.forward,trailing.notfanned,on.substrate,bill,same,"photos in WikiAves (e.g., http://en.wikiaves.com/3133980)","hummingbird in air, bananaquit in  tree",photo,"Defending their space from a cambacica, they fought for hours, all of this in their backyard ...",http://en.wikiaves.com/1027169,http://en.wikiaves.com/1027169,South America,Mario Duarte,3,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,3,1,0,1,NA,0,1,"Hilty, S. and D. A. Christie (2020). Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi-org.proxy.queensu.ca/10.2173/bow.banana.01",Coereba flaveola,Coereba_flaveola