*Analysis of mean number of fish and species captured during and before the COVID-19 pandemic as inferred from data collected from Instagram posts tagged to Hawaii Island 2016-2021;
DATA social_media;
INPUT photo$ poster month year date day gear$ location$ count species;
INFORMAT date yymmdd10.;
pandemic = 'Y';
IF date < 21997 THEN pandemic = 'N';
count2=count-1;
species2=species-1;
CARDS;
DNC_0096	9	12	2016	20160127	27	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0090	39	2	2016	20160215	46	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0034	139	6	2016	20160603	155	angling	.	10	3
CWD_0032	139	6	2016	20160619	171	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0033	28	6	2016	20160619	171	angling	.	4	2
CWD_0031	28	7	2016	20160719	201	angling	.	12	3
CWD_0028	29	8	2016	20160817	230	angling	Waikoloa	1	1
CWD_0030	28	9	2016	20160901	245	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0029	118	9	2016	20160912	256	angling	Keahou	16	5
DNC_0105	121	10	2016	20161024	298	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0104	50	10	2016	20161029	303	angling	Honokohau	3	3
DNC_0103	121	11	2016	20161103	308	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0101	121	11	2016	20161105	310	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0102	9	11	2016	20161124	329	angling	.	6	2
DNC_0100	9	12	2016	20161204	339	angling	.	7	2
CWD_0027	18	12	2016	20161207	342	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0099	121	12	2016	20161215	350	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0098	121	12	2016	20161223	358	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0097	35	12	2016	20161224	359	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0095	9	1	2017	20170102	2	angling	.	75	1
CWD_0172	84	1	2017	20170109	9	spear	.	1	1
DNC_0007	54	1	2017	20170111	11	angling	Kawaihae	2	1
DNC_0094	9	1	2017	20170124	24	angling	.	10	2
DNC_0093	9	1	2017	20170128	28	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0092	50	1	2017	20170129	29	angling	Honaunau	3	3
DNC_0091	121	1	2017	20170131	31	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0090	121	2	2017	20170202	33	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0089	121	2	2017	20170204	35	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0088	121	2	2017	20170206	37	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0087	121	2	2017	20170208	39	angling	Kona	1	1
CWD_0170	22	2	2017	20170209	40	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0086	53	2	2017	20170216	47	angling	Honokohau	1	1
DNC_0085	121	2	2017	20170217	48	angling	OldAirportBeach	1	1
DNC_0084	121	2	2017	20170219	50	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0083	121	2	2017	20170225	56	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0082	121	2	2017	20170228	59	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0081	121	3	2017	20170302	61	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0080	1	3	2017	20170304	63	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0079	121	3	2017	20170306	65	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0078	121	3	2017	20170308	67	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0077	121	3	2017	20170313	72	angling	Kona	1	1
CWD_0026	55	3	2017	20170314	73	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0076	121	3	2017	20170317	76	angling	Kona	2	1
DNC_0074	121	3	2017	20170323	82	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0073	121	3	2017	20170324	83	angling	Kona	10	2
DNC_0075	121	3	2017	20170324	83	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0072	121	3	2017	20170326	85	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0071	121	3	2017	20170327	86	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0069	121	3	2017	20170330	89	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0070	121	3	2017	20170330	89	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0067	50	4	2017	20170402	92	angling	Honaunau	5	5
DNC_0068	121	4	2017	20170402	92	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0065	121	4	2017	20170403	93	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0066	121	4	2017	20170403	93	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0064	121	4	2017	20170404	94	angling	Kona	1	1
CWD_0169	32	4	2017	20170408	98	angling	SouthPoint	1	1
DNC_0063	25	5	2017	20170516	136	angling	Keauhou	3	1
DNC_0062	76	5	2017	20170527	147	angling	Honaunau	1	1
DNC_0061	89	6	2017	20170621	172	spear	MakalawenaBeach	2	2
DNC_0060	123	6	2017	20170623	174	angling	Kona	1	1
CWD_0168	2	6	2017	20170627	178	angling	Hilo	2	1
CWD_0025	55	6	2017	20170628	179	angling	.	55	3
CWD_0024	107	8	2017	20170805	217	angling	.	11	1
DNC_0059	18	11	2017	20171113	317	angling	MaunaKeaBeach	1	1
DNC_0119	83	12	2017	20171210	344	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0058	114	1	2018	20180109	9	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0091	139	2	2018	20180207	38	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0056	10	2	2018	20180213	44	angling	Honokohau	3	2
DNC_0055	140	2	2018	20180222	53	angling	Keaau	1	1
DNC_0054	48	3	2018	20180305	64	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0053	136	3	2018	20180309	68	angling	Kona	1	1
CWD_0167	47	3	2018	20180328	87	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0052	126	3	2018	20180331	90	angling	Honokohau	2	2
DNC_0048	48	4	2018	20180403	93	handgrabbed	Puako	1	1
DNC_0051	114	4	2018	20180405	95	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0049	127	4	2018	20180407	97	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0050	35	4	2018	20180407	97	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0047	26	5	2018	20180504	124	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0118	20	6	2018	20180607	158	angling	Keokea	1	1
DNC_0117	21	6	2018	20180613	164	angling	Hilo	2	2
DNC_0046	48	6	2018	20180625	176	angling	Kona	4	2
DNC_0045	48	7	2018	20180705	186	angling	Kona	1	1
CWD_0166	112	7	2018	20180728	209	angling	Lapahoehoe	1	1
DNC_0022	46	7	2018	20180731	212	thrownet	Kona	7	3
DNC_0021	46	8	2018	20180802	214	thrownet	Kona	2	2
DNC_0044	38	8	2018	20180807	219	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0006	132	9	2018	20180920	263	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0165	143	9	2018	20180927	270	angling	Waipio	2	2
CWD_0164	75	10	2018	20181006	279	angling	Hilo	1	1
DNC_0043	26	10	2018	20181008	281	angling	.	10	3
DNC_0042	48	11	2018	20181108	312	angling	Kona	2	1
DNC_0139	15	11	2018	20181119	323	angling	.	17	1
DNC_0041	50	11	2018	20181123	327	angling	Honauanu	2	2
DNC_0138	120	11	2018	20181124	328	angling	Kona	2	2
DNC_0137	120	11	2018	20181127	331	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0136	120	12	2018	20181208	342	angling	.	2	2
DNC_0135	51	12	2018	20181218	352	angling	HPP	1	1
DNC_0134	120	12	2018	20181226	360	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0133	120	12	2018	20181227	361	angling	.	4	3
CWD_0023	111	12	2018	20181229	363	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0132	120	1	2019	20190103	3	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0116	49	1	2019	20190120	20	angling	Hamakua	1	1
DNC_0131	120	1	2019	20190130	30	angling	Waikoloa	1	1
DNC_0040	52	2	2019	20190225	56	angling	Kona	1	1
DNC_0130	120	3	2019	20190301	60	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0115	77	3	2019	20190302	61	angling	LeilaniEstates	1	1
CWD_0163	62	3	2019	20190311	70	angling	Hilo	1	1
DNC_0114	151	3	2019	20190315	74	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0020	133	3	2019	20190319	78	thrownet	Hilo	5	1
DNC_0039	57	3	2019	20190329	88	angling	SouthPoint	1	1
DNC_0019	31	4	2019	20190401	91	thrownet	Hilo	12	1
DNC_0038	135	4	2019	20190418	108	angling	Keauhou	1	1
CWD_0162	113	4	2019	20190427	117	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0037	24	4	2019	20190428	118	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0161	49	5	2019	20190503	123	angling	.	2	2
DNC_0018	137	5	2019	20190508	128	thrownet	Hilo	42	1
CWD_0160	105	5	2019	20190509	129	angling	Punaluu	1	1
CWD_0159	67	6	2019	20190620	171	angling	SouthPoint	1	1
CWD_0158	33	6	2019	20190630	181	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0157	30	7	2019	20190717	198	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0129	27	7	2019	20190726	207	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0036	19	6	2019	20190806	218	angling	Kona	22	4
CWD_0052	34	9	2019	20190902	245	angling	Hilo	6	4
CWD_0056	72	9	2019	20190916	259	angling	Hilo	3	2
CWD_0055	90	9	2019	20190917	260	spear	Hilo	1	1
DNC_0128	27	9	2019	20190925	268	angling	.	2	2
CWD_0057	90	9	2019	20190925	268	spear	Hilo	5	1
DNC_0127	97	9	2019	20190929	272	angling	Honaunau	1	1
CWD_0049	142	10	2019	20191002	275	angling	.	18	1
CWD_0058	90	10	2019	20191007	280	spear	Hilo	17	2
CWD_0156	92	10	2019	20191028	301	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0017	31	10	2019	20191029	302	thrownet	.	9	2
CWD_0155	33	10	2019	20191030	303	angling	Hilo	1	1
CWD_0051	104	11	2019	20191102	306	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0048	26	11	2019	20191103	307	angling	.	8	6
CWD_0173	145	11	2019	20191104	308	spear	.	2	2
CWD_0053	90	11	2019	20191106	310	spear	Hilo	1	1
CWD_0059	145	11	2019	20191109	313	spear	SouthPoint	1	1
CWD_0054	145	11	2019	20191112	316	spear	Hilo	15	3
CWD_0154	12	11	2019	20191129	333	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0050	40	11	2019	20191130	334	angling	.	2	1
CWD_0153	95	12	2019	20191208	342	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0152	81	12	2019	20191216	350	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0151	4	12	2019	20191218	352	angling	SouthPoint	2	2
CWD_0003	150	12	2019	20191221	355	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0047	26	12	2019	20191228	362	angling	.	6	2
CWD_0022	150	12	2019	20191230	364	angling	.	17	3
CWD_0001	150	1	2020	20200104	4	angling	.	14	2
CWD_0021	17	1	2020	20200121	21	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0034	17	1	2020	20200121	21	angling	Hilo	1	1
DNC_0035	17	1	2020	20200121	21	angling	Waikoloa	2	2
DNC_0032	17	1	2020	20200122	22	angling	Waikoloa	1	1
DNC_0033	17	1	2020	20200122	22	angling	BigIsland	1	1
DNC_0031	17	1	2020	20200123	23	angling	BigIsland	1	1
DNC_0030	17	2	2020	20200223	54	angling	Waikoloa	1	1
DNC_0028	17	2	2020	20200228	59	angling	Waikoloa	1	1
DNC_0027	50	3	2020	20200328	88	angling	Honaunau	1	1
DNC_0012	31	4	2020	20200402	93	thrownet	Hilo	8	1
DNC_0005	36	4	2020	20200408	99	angling	Hilo	1	1
DNC_0113	120	4	2020	20200408	99	angling	.	1	1
DNC_00126	91	4	2020	20200412	103	angling	.	125	1
CWD_0150	66	4	2020	20200413	104	angling	Hilo	1	1
DNC_0125	120	4	2020	20200416	107	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0124	120	4	2020	20200417	108	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0029	17	4	2020	20200418	109	angling	BigIsland	1	1
CWD_0046	26	4	2020	20200419	110	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0123	120	4	2020	20200424	115	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0149	117	5	2020	20200511	132	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0122	120	5	2020	20200516	137	angling	Kona	1	1
CWD_0148	129	5	2020	20200517	138	angling	Hilo	1	1
DNC_0016	137	5	2020	20200517	138	thrownet	Hilo	79	4
CWD_0147	131	5	2020	20200522	143	angling	.	2	1
CWD_0146	49	5	2020	20200523	144	angling	Onomea	1	1
CWD_0020	150	5	2020	20200524	145	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0107	98	5	2020	20200526	147	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0045	69	5	2020	20200527	148	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0112	71	6	2020	20200613	165	angling	Hawi	1	1
CWD_0019	58	6	2020	20200614	166	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0061	119	6	2020	20200620	172	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0088	119	6	2020	20200622	174	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0087	119	6	2020	20200623	175	angling	.	5	2
CWD_0086	119	6	2020	20200624	176	angling	.	10	1
CWD_0085	119	6	2020	20200625	177	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0084	119	6	2020	20200627	179	angling	.	21	2
CWD_0044	64	7	2020	20200701	183	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0083	119	7	2020	20200701	183	angling	.	18	3
CWD_0082	119	7	2020	20200703	185	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0018	73	7	2020	20200706	188	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0145	85	7	2020	20200708	190	angling	Kona	1	1
CWD_0144	5	7	2020	20200708	190	spear	Kau	1	1
CWD_0017	130	7	2020	20200711	193	spear	.	2	1
DNC_0121	120	8	2020	20200801	214	angling	Kona	2	2
CWD_0016	60	8	2020	20200801	214	spear	.	3	1
CWD_0143	93	8	2020	20200802	215	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0142	6	8	2020	20200803	216	angling	SouthPoint	1	1
CWD_0141	86	8	2020	20200806	219	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0043	26	8	2020	20200809	222	angling	.	3	1
CWD_0081	119	8	2020	20200812	225	angling	.	2	1
CWD_0140	45	8	2020	20200816	229	spear	Hilo	3	3
CWD_0139	8	8	2020	20200818	231	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0080	103	8	2020	20200820	233	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0138	16	8	2020	20200820	233	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0042	26	8	2020	20200823	236	angling	.	2	1
CWD_0137	82	8	2020	20200824	237	angling	SouthPoint	1	1
CWD_0136	63	8	2020	20200827	240	angling	Hilo	1	1
DNC_0111	41	8	2020	20200829	242	angling	KailuaPier	1	1
CWD_0135	70	9	2020	20200909	253	spear	Kona	1	1
CWD_0041	26	9	2020	20200913	257	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0106	66	9	2020	20200916	260	angling	Keaukaha	1	1
DNC_0004	36	9	2020	20200919	263	angling	Kona	8	3
CWD_0002	23	9	2020	20200920	264	angling	.	7	2
DNC_0026	26	9	2020	20200920	264	angling	BigIsland	1	1
CWD_0079	119	9	2020	20200923	267	angling	.	11	1
DNC_0110	66	9	2020	20200928	272	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0078	119	9	2020	20200929	273	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0134	110	10	2020	20201006	280	spear	.	1	1
CWD_0077	103	10	2020	20201007	281	angling	.	8	2
DNC_0109	66	10	2020	20201009	283	angling	Keaukaha	1	1
CWD_0037	99	10	2020	20201012	286	angling	Hilo	5	2
CWD_0089	101	10	2020	20201017	291	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0133	139	10	2020	20201021	295	angling	Hilo	2	1
DNC_0120	120	10	2020	20201023	297	angling	Mahukona	1	1
CWD_0076	119	10	2020	20201024	298	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0132	102	10	2020	20201024	298	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0131	43	11	2020	20201105	310	spear	.	4	2
CWD_0130	139	11	2020	20201109	314	angling	.	9	4
CWD_0129	141	11	2020	20201112	317	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0075	56	11	2020	20201114	319	angling	.	10	1
DNC_0015	31	11	2020	20201114	319	thrownet	Hilo	1	1
CWD_0074	119	11	2020	20201119	324	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0014	31	11	2020	20201125	330	thrownet	Hilo	3	3
DNC_0108	120	11	2020	20201130	335	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0060	103	12	2020	20201202	337	angling	.	3	2
CWD_0073	103	12	2020	20201204	339	spear	.	67	4
CWD_0072	119	12	2020	20201210	345	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0071	119	12	2020	20201215	350	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0070	119	12	2020	20201221	356	angling	.	3	2
CWD_0069	119	12	2020	20201226	361	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0128	139	12	2020	20201227	362	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0068	119	1	2021	20210101	1	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0127	80	1	2021	20210104	4	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0008	106	1	2021	20210121	21	angling	Kona	2	2
CWD_0126	124	1	2021	20210130	30	angling	.	2	2
CWD_0007	125	2	2021	20210213	44	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0013	31	2	2021	20210213	44	thrownet	Hilo	79	4
CWD_0125	134	2	2021	20210214	45	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0124	96	2	2021	20210216	47	angling	.	2	1
CWD_0123	37	2	2021	20210222	53	angling	.	7	3
CWD_0006	125	2	2021	20210225	56	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0121	95	2	2021	20210225	56	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0122	139	2	2021	20210225	56	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0120	14	2	2021	20210227	58	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0119	100	3	2021	20210303	62	angling	.	2	1
CWD_0118	65	3	2021	20210304	63	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0112	44	3	2021	20210305	64	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0012	108	3	2021	20210307	66	angling	Hilo	14	4
CWD_0117	122	3	2021	20210308	67	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0116	94	3	2021	20210309	68	angling	.	2	2
CWD_0115	61	3	2021	20210312	71	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0005	109	3	2021	20210314	73	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0114	128	3	2021	20210315	74	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0113	88	3	2021	20210317	76	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0010	108	3	2021	20210320	79	angling	Keahou	13	2
CWD_0011	108	3	2021	20210320	79	angling	Keahou	1	1
CWD_0111	117	3	2021	20210328	87	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0067	119	4	2021	20210402	92	angling	.	4	3
CWD_0110	100	4	2021	20210406	96	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0040	26	4	2021	20210408	98	angling	.	7	2
CWD_0066	103	4	2021	20210412	102	angling	.	1	1
DNC_0025	116	4	2021	20210412	102	angling	Kona	1	1
CWD_0015	7	4	2021	20210412	102	spear	.	4	3
CWD_0039	26	4	2021	20210417	107	angling	.	6	4
CWD_0108	8	4	2021	20210418	108	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0107	85	4	2021	20210424	114	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0106	139	4	2021	20210425	115	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0105	138	4	2021	20210428	118	spear	.	2	1
DNC_0001	148	4	2021	20210429	119	handgrabbed	.	6	1
DNC_0002	144	5	2021	20210502	122	spear	.	3	3
CWD_0103	13	5	2021	20210503	123	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0104	88	5	2021	20210503	123	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0102	139	5	2021	20210504	124	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0065	103	5	2021	20210505	125	angling	.	42	2
CWD_0101	146	5	2021	20210506	126	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0100	78	5	2021	20210507	127	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0099	115	5	2021	20210508	128	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0064	119	5	2021	20210511	131	angling	.	10	1
CWD_0063	103	5	2021	20210513	133	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0009	147	5	2021	20210515	135	angling	Hilo	1	1
CWD_0062	103	5	2021	20210516	136	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0098	146	5	2021	20210517	137	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0109	68	5	2021	20210518	138	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0097	88	5	2021	20210520	140	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0096	3	5	2021	20210524	144	angling	.	2	1
CWD_0095	42	5	2021	20210528	148	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0014	148	5	2021	20210528	148	spear	Keauu	1	1
CWD_0038	87	5	2021	20210531	151	angling	Keaukaha	1	1
CWD_0094	79	6	2021	20210607	158	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0004	125	6	2021	20210609	160	angling	MaunaLani	1	1
DNC_0003	144	6	2021	20210609	160	spear	.	10	5
CWD_0093	59	6	2021	20210610	161	angling	.	2	2
CWD_0092	11	6	2021	20210617	168	angling	.	1	1
CWD_0174	149	7	2021	20210705	186	angling	BigIsland	1	1
;
RUN; QUIT;

PROC SORT data=social_media; BY poster pandemic year; RUN; QUIT;
PROC MEANS data=social_media NOPRINT n;
BY poster;
VAR count;
OUTPUT OUT=poster n=posts; 
RUN; QUIT;

PROC UNIVARIATE data=poster NORMAL PLOTS;
TITLE 'How many posts per Instagram user in our dataset?';
VAR posts;
RUN; QUIT; 

PROC SORT data=social_media; BY gear; RUN; QUIT;
PROC MEANS data=social_media mean median mode stderr std n min max;
TITLE 'How are posts split amongst gear types?';
BY gear;
VAR count species;
RUN; QUIT;

PROC SORT data=social_media; BY pandemic year gear; RUN; QUIT;
PROC MEANS data=social_media mean median mode stderr std n min max;
TITLE 'How does number of individuals (count) and number of species (species) per post vary between pre-COVID (N) and COVID (Y) periods?';
BY pandemic;
VAR count species;
RUN; QUIT;

PROC MEANS data=social_media mean median mode stderr std n min max;
TITLE 'How does number of individuals (count) and number of species (species) per post vary by year between pre-COVID (N) and COVID (Y) periods?';
BY pandemic year;
VAR count species;
RUN; QUIT;

proc glimmix data = social_media noclprint method=laplace PLOTS=ALL;
TITLE 'Zero-inflated (Poisson) mixed model assessing the effect of pandemic and date on the number of indiviudals per post, year is treated as a random effect';
CLASS year pandemic poster;
  MODEL count = pandemic day(pandemic) / SOLUTION DIST=poisson;
  RANDOM intercept / SUBJECT=year TYPE=AR(1);
  OUTPUT OUT=residuals_count PRED=p LCL=CI_L UCL=CI_U RESID=r;
RUN; QUIT;

proc glimmix data = social_media noclprint method=laplace PLOTS=ALL;
TITLE 'Zero-inflated mixed model assessing the effect of pandemic and date on the number of indiviudals per post, model did not converge with random effects';
CLASS year pandemic poster;
  MODEL species = pandemic day(pandemic) / SOLUTION DIST=poisson;
  *RANDOM intercept / SUBJECT=year TYPE=AR(1);
  LSMEANS pandemic / AT MEANS;
  *OUTPUT OUT=residuals_species PRED=p LCL=CI_L UCL=CI_U RESID=r;
RUN; QUIT;