# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2022 EleutherAI The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
""" PyTorch GPTNeoX model."""

from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union

import torch
import torch.utils.checkpoint
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import BCEWithLogitsLoss, CrossEntropyLoss, MSELoss
from torch.nn import functional as F

from ...activations import ACT2FN
from ...file_utils import (
    add_code_sample_docstrings,
    add_start_docstrings,
    add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward,
    replace_return_docstrings,
)
from ...modeling_outputs import (
    BaseModelOutputWithPast,
    CausalLMOutputWithPast,
    QuestionAnsweringModelOutput,
    SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast,
    TokenClassifierOutput,
)
from ...modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel
from ...utils import is_flash_attn_2_available, is_flash_attn_greater_or_equal_2_10, logging
from .configuration_gpt_neox import GPTNeoXConfig


if is_flash_attn_2_available():
    from flash_attn import flash_attn_func, flash_attn_varlen_func
    from flash_attn.bert_padding import index_first_axis, pad_input, unpad_input  # noqa


logger = logging.get_logger(__name__)

_CHECKPOINT_FOR_DOC = "trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM"
_REAL_CHECKPOINT_FOR_DOC = "EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b"
_CONFIG_FOR_DOC = "GPTNeoXConfig"


# Copied from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama._get_unpad_data
def _get_unpad_data(attention_mask):
    seqlens_in_batch = attention_mask.sum(dim=-1, dtype=torch.int32)
    indices = torch.nonzero(attention_mask.flatten(), as_tuple=False).flatten()
    max_seqlen_in_batch = seqlens_in_batch.max().item()
    cu_seqlens = F.pad(torch.cumsum(seqlens_in_batch, dim=0, dtype=torch.int32), (1, 0))
    return (
        indices,
        cu_seqlens,
        max_seqlen_in_batch,
    )


class GPTNeoXPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel):
    """
    An abstract class to handle weights initialization and a simple interface for downloading and loading pretrained
    models.
    """

    config_class = GPTNeoXConfig
    base_model_prefix = "gpt_neox"
    supports_gradient_checkpointing = True
    _no_split_modules = ["GPTNeoXLayer"]
    _skip_keys_device_placement = "past_key_values"
    _supports_flash_attn_2 = True

    def _init_weights(self, module):
        """Initialize the weights"""
        if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
            module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.config.initializer_range)
            if module.bias is not None:
                module.bias.data.zero_()
        elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding):
            module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.config.initializer_range)
            if module.padding_idx is not None:
                module.weight.data[module.padding_idx].zero_()
        elif isinstance(module, nn.LayerNorm):
            module.bias.data.zero_()
            module.weight.data.fill_(1.0)


class GPTNeoXAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        self.num_attention_heads = config.num_attention_heads
        self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size
        if self.hidden_size % self.num_attention_heads != 0:
            raise ValueError(
                "The hidden size is not divisble by the number of attention heads! Make sure to update them"
            )
        self.head_size = self.hidden_size // self.num_attention_heads
        self.rotary_ndims = int(self.head_size * config.rotary_pct)
        self._init_bias(config.max_position_embeddings)

        self.register_buffer("masked_bias", torch.tensor(-1e9), persistent=False)
        self._init_rope()

        self.norm_factor = self.head_size**-0.5
        self.query_key_value = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 3 * config.hidden_size, bias=config.attention_bias)
        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size, bias=config.attention_bias)
        self.attention_dropout = nn.Dropout(config.attention_dropout)
        self.is_causal = True

    def _init_bias(self, max_positions, device=None):
        self.register_buffer(
            "bias",
            torch.tril(torch.ones((max_positions, max_positions), dtype=torch.bool)).view(
                1, 1, max_positions, max_positions
            ),
            persistent=False,
        )
        if device is not None:
            self.bias = self.bias.to(device)

    def _init_rope(self):
        if self.config.rope_scaling is None:
            self.rotary_emb = GPTNeoXRotaryEmbedding(
                self.rotary_ndims, self.config.max_position_embeddings, base=self.config.rotary_emb_base
            )
        else:
            scaling_type = self.config.rope_scaling["type"]
            scaling_factor = self.config.rope_scaling["factor"]
            if scaling_type == "linear":
                self.rotary_emb = GPTNeoXLinearScalingRotaryEmbedding(
                    self.rotary_ndims,
                    self.config.max_position_embeddings,
                    base=self.config.rotary_emb_base,
                    scaling_factor=scaling_factor,
                )
            elif scaling_type == "dynamic":
                self.rotary_emb = GPTNeoXDynamicNTKScalingRotaryEmbedding(
                    self.rotary_ndims,
                    self.config.max_position_embeddings,
                    base=self.config.rotary_emb_base,
                    scaling_factor=scaling_factor,
                )
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"Unknown RoPE scaling type {scaling_type}")

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.FloatTensor,
        attention_mask: torch.FloatTensor,
        position_ids: torch.LongTensor,
        head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        layer_past: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None,
        use_cache: Optional[bool] = False,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False,
        padding_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ):
        has_layer_past = layer_past is not None

        # Compute QKV
        # Attention heads [batch, seq_len, hidden_size]
        #   --> [batch, seq_len, (np * 3 * head_size)]
        qkv = self.query_key_value(hidden_states)

        # [batch, seq_len, (num_heads * 3 * head_size)]
        #   --> [batch, seq_len, num_heads, 3 * head_size]
        new_qkv_shape = qkv.size()[:-1] + (self.num_attention_heads, 3 * self.head_size)
        qkv = qkv.view(*new_qkv_shape)

        # [batch, seq_len, num_attention_heads, 3 * head_size] --> 3 [batch, num_attention_heads, seq_len, head_size]
        query = qkv[..., : self.head_size].permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
        key = qkv[..., self.head_size : 2 * self.head_size].permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
        value = qkv[..., 2 * self.head_size :].permute(0, 2, 1, 3)

        # Compute rotary embeddings on rotary_ndims
        query_rot = query[..., : self.rotary_ndims]
        query_pass = query[..., self.rotary_ndims :]
        key_rot = key[..., : self.rotary_ndims]
        key_pass = key[..., self.rotary_ndims :]

        # Compute token offset for rotary embeddings (when decoding)
        seq_len = key.shape[-2]
        if has_layer_past:
            seq_len += layer_past[0].shape[-2]
        cos, sin = self.rotary_emb(value, seq_len=seq_len)
        query, key = apply_rotary_pos_emb(query_rot, key_rot, cos, sin, position_ids)
        query = torch.cat((query, query_pass), dim=-1)
        key = torch.cat((key, key_pass), dim=-1)

        # Cache QKV values
        if has_layer_past:
            past_key = layer_past[0]
            past_value = layer_past[1]
            key = torch.cat((past_key, key), dim=-2)
            value = torch.cat((past_value, value), dim=-2)
        present = (key, value) if use_cache else None

        # Compute attention
        attn_output, attn_weights = self._attn(query, key, value, attention_mask, head_mask)

        # Reshape outputs
        attn_output = self._merge_heads(attn_output, self.num_attention_heads, self.head_size)
        attn_output = self.dense(attn_output)

        outputs = (attn_output, present)
        if output_attentions:
            outputs += (attn_weights,)

        return outputs

    @classmethod
    def _split_heads(cls, tensor, num_attention_heads, attn_head_size):
        """
        Splits hidden dim into attn_head_size and num_attention_heads
        """
        # tensor: [bs, seq_len, hidden_size]
        new_shape = tensor.size()[:-1] + (num_attention_heads, attn_head_size)
        # -> [bs, seq_len, num_attention_heads, attn_head_size]
        tensor = tensor.view(new_shape)
        # -> [bs, num_attention_heads, seq_len, attn_head_size]
        tensor = tensor.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
        return tensor

    @classmethod
    def _merge_heads(cls, tensor, num_attention_heads, attn_head_size):
        """
        Merges attn_head_size dim and num_attn_heads dim into hidden dim
        """
        # tensor [bs, num_attention_heads, seq_len, attn_head_size]
        tensor = tensor.permute(0, 2, 1, 3).contiguous()
        # -> [bs, seq_len, num_attention_heads, attn_head_size]
        tensor = tensor.view(tensor.size(0), tensor.size(1), num_attention_heads * attn_head_size)
        # -> [bs, seq_len, hidden_size]
        return tensor

    def _attn(self, query, key, value, attention_mask=None, head_mask=None):
        # q, k, v: [bs, num_attention_heads, seq_len, attn_head_size]
        # compute causal mask from causal mask buffer
        batch_size, num_attention_heads, query_length, attn_head_size = query.size()
        key_length = key.size(-2)

        # dynamically increase the causal mask with the key length, if needed.
        if key_length > self.bias.shape[-1]:
            self._init_bias(key_length, device=key.device)
        causal_mask = self.bias[:, :, key_length - query_length : key_length, :key_length]

        query = query.view(batch_size * num_attention_heads, query_length, attn_head_size)
        key = key.view(batch_size * num_attention_heads, key_length, attn_head_size)
        attn_scores = torch.zeros(
            batch_size * num_attention_heads,
            query_length,
            key_length,
            dtype=query.dtype,
            device=key.device,
        )
        attn_scores = torch.baddbmm(
            attn_scores,
            query,
            key.transpose(1, 2),
            beta=1.0,
            alpha=self.norm_factor,
        )
        attn_scores = attn_scores.view(batch_size, num_attention_heads, query_length, key_length)

        mask_value = torch.finfo(attn_scores.dtype).min
        # Need to be a tensor, otherwise we get error: `RuntimeError: expected scalar type float but found double`.
        # Need to be on the same device, otherwise `RuntimeError: ..., x and y to be on the same device`
        mask_value = torch.tensor(mask_value, dtype=attn_scores.dtype).to(attn_scores.device)
        attn_scores = torch.where(causal_mask, attn_scores, mask_value)

        if attention_mask is not None:
            # Apply the attention mask
            attn_scores = attn_scores + attention_mask

        attn_weights = nn.functional.softmax(attn_scores, dim=-1)
        attn_weights = attn_weights.to(value.dtype)

        # Mask heads if we want to
        if head_mask is not None:
            attn_weights = attn_weights * head_mask

        attn_weights = self.attention_dropout(attn_weights)

        attn_output = torch.matmul(attn_weights, value)
        return attn_output, attn_weights


class GPTNeoXFlashAttention2(GPTNeoXAttention):
    """
    GPTNeoX flash attention module. This module inherits from `GPTNeoXAttention` as the weights of the module stays
    untouched. The only required change would be on the forward pass where it needs to correctly call the public API of
    flash attention and deal with padding tokens in case the input contains any of them.
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        # TODO: Should be removed once Flash Attention for RoCm is bumped to 2.1.
        # flash_attn<2.1 generates top-left aligned causal mask, while what is needed here is bottom-right alignement, that was made default for flash_attn>=2.1. This attribute is used to handle this difference. Reference: https://github.com/Dao-AILab/flash-attention/releases/tag/v2.1.0.
        # Beware that with flash_attn<2.1, using q_seqlen != k_seqlen (except for the case q_seqlen == 1) produces a wrong mask (top-left).
        self._flash_attn_uses_top_left_mask = not is_flash_attn_greater_or_equal_2_10()

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.FloatTensor,
        attention_mask: torch.FloatTensor,
        position_ids: torch.LongTensor,
        head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        layer_past: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None,
        use_cache: Optional[bool] = False,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False,
    ):
        has_layer_past = layer_past is not None

        # Compute QKV
        # Attention heads [batch, seq_len, hidden_size]
        #   --> [batch, seq_len, (np * 3 * head_size)]
        qkv = self.query_key_value(hidden_states)

        # [batch, seq_len, (num_heads * 3 * head_size)]
        #   --> [batch, seq_len, num_heads, 3 * head_size]
        new_qkv_shape = qkv.size()[:-1] + (self.num_attention_heads, 3 * self.head_size)
        qkv = qkv.view(*new_qkv_shape)

        # [batch, seq_len, num_attention_heads, 3 * head_size] --> 3 [batch, num_attention_heads, seq_len, head_size]
        query = qkv[..., : self.head_size].permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
        key = qkv[..., self.head_size : 2 * self.head_size].permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
        value = qkv[..., 2 * self.head_size :].permute(0, 2, 1, 3)

        query_length = query.shape[-2]

        # Compute rotary embeddings on rotary_ndims
        query_rot = query[..., : self.rotary_ndims]
        query_pass = query[..., self.rotary_ndims :]
        key_rot = key[..., : self.rotary_ndims]
        key_pass = key[..., self.rotary_ndims :]

        # Compute token offset for rotary embeddings (when decoding)
        seq_len = key.shape[-2]
        if has_layer_past:
            seq_len += layer_past[0].shape[-2]
        cos, sin = self.rotary_emb(value, seq_len=seq_len)
        query, key = apply_rotary_pos_emb(query_rot, key_rot, cos, sin, position_ids)
        query = torch.cat((query, query_pass), dim=-1)
        key = torch.cat((key, key_pass), dim=-1)

        # Cache QKV values
        if has_layer_past:
            past_key = layer_past[0]
            past_value = layer_past[1]
            key = torch.cat((past_key, key), dim=-2)
            value = torch.cat((past_value, value), dim=-2)
        present = (key, value) if use_cache else None

        # GPT-neo-X casts query and key in fp32 to apply rotary embedding in full precision
        target_dtype = value.dtype
        if query.dtype != target_dtype:
            query = query.to(target_dtype)
        if key.dtype != target_dtype:
            key = key.to(target_dtype)

        # Permute to get the expected shape for Flash Attention
        query = query.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
        key = key.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
        value = value.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)

        # In PEFT, usually we cast the layer norms in float32 for training stability reasons
        # therefore the input hidden states gets silently casted in float32. Hence, we need
        # cast them back in float16 / bfloat16 just to be sure everything works as expected.
        # This might slowdown training & inference so it is recommended to not cast the LayerNorms
        input_dtype = query.dtype
        if input_dtype == torch.float32:
            if torch.is_autocast_enabled():
                target_dtype = torch.get_autocast_gpu_dtype()
            # Handle the case where the model is quantized
            elif hasattr(self.config, "_pre_quantization_dtype"):
                target_dtype = self.config._pre_quantization_dtype
            else:
                target_dtype = self.query_key_value.weight.dtype

            logger.warning_once(
                f"The input hidden states seems to be silently casted in float32, this might be related to"
                f" the fact you have upcasted embedding or layer norm layers in float32. We will cast back the input in"
                f" {target_dtype}."
            )

            query = query.to(target_dtype)
            key = key.to(target_dtype)
            value = value.to(target_dtype)

        attention_dropout = self.config.attention_dropout if self.training else 0.0

        # Compute attention
        attn_weights = self._flash_attention_forward(
            query, key, value, attention_mask, query_length, dropout=attention_dropout, softmax_scale=self.norm_factor
        )

        # Reshape outputs
        attn_output = attn_weights.reshape(
            attn_weights.shape[0], attn_weights.shape[1], self.num_attention_heads * self.head_size
        )
        attn_output = self.dense(attn_output)

        outputs = (attn_output, present)
        if output_attentions:
            outputs += (attn_weights,)

        return outputs

    # Copied from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.LlamaFlashAttention2._flash_attention_forward
    def _flash_attention_forward(
        self, query_states, key_states, value_states, attention_mask, query_length, dropout=0.0, softmax_scale=None
    ):
        """
        Calls the forward method of Flash Attention - if the input hidden states contain at least one padding token
        first unpad the input, then computes the attention scores and pad the final attention scores.

        Args:
            query_states (`torch.Tensor`):
                Input query states to be passed to Flash Attention API
            key_states (`torch.Tensor`):
                Input key states to be passed to Flash Attention API
            value_states (`torch.Tensor`):
                Input value states to be passed to Flash Attention API
            attention_mask (`torch.Tensor`):
                The padding mask - corresponds to a tensor of size `(batch_size, seq_len)` where 0 stands for the
                position of padding tokens and 1 for the position of non-padding tokens.
            dropout (`float`):
                Attention dropout
            softmax_scale (`float`, *optional*):
                The scaling of QK^T before applying softmax. Default to 1 / sqrt(head_dim)
        """
        if not self._flash_attn_uses_top_left_mask:
            causal = self.is_causal
        else:
            # TODO: Remove the `query_length != 1` check once Flash Attention for RoCm is bumped to 2.1. For details, please see the comment in LlamaFlashAttention2 __init__.
            causal = self.is_causal and query_length != 1

        # Contains at least one padding token in the sequence
        if attention_mask is not None:
            batch_size = query_states.shape[0]
            query_states, key_states, value_states, indices_q, cu_seq_lens, max_seq_lens = self._upad_input(
                query_states, key_states, value_states, attention_mask, query_length
            )

            cu_seqlens_q, cu_seqlens_k = cu_seq_lens
            max_seqlen_in_batch_q, max_seqlen_in_batch_k = max_seq_lens

            attn_output_unpad = flash_attn_varlen_func(
                query_states,
                key_states,
                value_states,
                cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens_q,
                cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens_k,
                max_seqlen_q=max_seqlen_in_batch_q,
                max_seqlen_k=max_seqlen_in_batch_k,
                dropout_p=dropout,
                softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
                causal=causal,
            )

            attn_output = pad_input(attn_output_unpad, indices_q, batch_size, query_length)
        else:
            attn_output = flash_attn_func(
                query_states, key_states, value_states, dropout, softmax_scale=softmax_scale, causal=causal
            )

        return attn_output

    # Copied from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.LlamaFlashAttention2._upad_input with num_heads->num_attention_heads
    def _upad_input(self, query_layer, key_layer, value_layer, attention_mask, query_length):
        indices_k, cu_seqlens_k, max_seqlen_in_batch_k = _get_unpad_data(attention_mask)
        batch_size, kv_seq_len, num_key_value_heads, head_dim = key_layer.shape

        key_layer = index_first_axis(
            key_layer.reshape(batch_size * kv_seq_len, num_key_value_heads, head_dim), indices_k
        )
        value_layer = index_first_axis(
            value_layer.reshape(batch_size * kv_seq_len, num_key_value_heads, head_dim), indices_k
        )
        if query_length == kv_seq_len:
            query_layer = index_first_axis(
                query_layer.reshape(batch_size * kv_seq_len, self.num_attention_heads, head_dim), indices_k
            )
            cu_seqlens_q = cu_seqlens_k
            max_seqlen_in_batch_q = max_seqlen_in_batch_k
            indices_q = indices_k
        elif query_length == 1:
            max_seqlen_in_batch_q = 1
            cu_seqlens_q = torch.arange(
                batch_size + 1, dtype=torch.int32, device=query_layer.device
            )  # There is a memcpy here, that is very bad.
            indices_q = cu_seqlens_q[:-1]
            query_layer = query_layer.squeeze(1)
        else:
            # The -q_len: slice assumes left padding.
            attention_mask = attention_mask[:, -query_length:]
            query_layer, indices_q, cu_seqlens_q, max_seqlen_in_batch_q = unpad_input(query_layer, attention_mask)

        return (
            query_layer,
            key_layer,
            value_layer,
            indices_q,
            (cu_seqlens_q, cu_seqlens_k),
            (max_seqlen_in_batch_q, max_seqlen_in_batch_k),
        )


def attention_mask_func(attention_scores, ltor_mask):
    attention_scores.masked_fill_(~ltor_mask, torch.finfo(attention_scores.dtype).min)
    return attention_scores


class GPTNeoXRotaryEmbedding(nn.Module):
    # Copied from transformers.models.mistral.modeling_mistral.MistralRotaryEmbedding.__init__
    def __init__(self, dim, max_position_embeddings=2048, base=10000, device=None):
        super().__init__()

        self.dim = dim
        self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings
        self.base = base
        inv_freq = 1.0 / (self.base ** (torch.arange(0, self.dim, 2, dtype=torch.int64).float().to(device) / self.dim))
        self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq, persistent=False)

        # Build here to make `torch.jit.trace` work.
        self._set_cos_sin_cache(
            seq_len=max_position_embeddings, device=self.inv_freq.device, dtype=torch.get_default_dtype()
        )

    def _set_cos_sin_cache(self, seq_len, device, dtype):
        self.max_seq_len_cached = seq_len
        t = torch.arange(self.max_seq_len_cached, device=device, dtype=torch.int64).type_as(self.inv_freq)

        freqs = torch.outer(t, self.inv_freq)
        # Different from paper, but it uses a different permutation in order to obtain the same calculation
        emb = torch.cat((freqs, freqs), dim=-1)
        self.register_buffer("cos_cached", emb.cos(), persistent=False)
        self.register_buffer("sin_cached", emb.sin(), persistent=False)

    def forward(self, x, seq_len=None):
        # x: [bs, num_attention_heads, seq_len, head_size]
        if seq_len > self.max_seq_len_cached:
            self._set_cos_sin_cache(seq_len=seq_len, device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype)

        return (
            self.cos_cached[:seq_len],
            self.sin_cached[:seq_len],
        )


# copied from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.LlamaLinearScalingRotaryEmbedding.__init__
# TODO @gante bring compatibility back
class GPTNeoXLinearScalingRotaryEmbedding(GPTNeoXRotaryEmbedding):
    """GPTNeoXRotaryEmbedding extended with linear scaling. Credits to the Reddit user /u/kaiokendev"""

    def __init__(self, dim, max_position_embeddings=2048, base=10000, device=None, scaling_factor=1.0):
        self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor
        super().__init__(dim, max_position_embeddings, base, device)

    def _set_cos_sin_cache(self, seq_len, device, dtype):
        self.max_seq_len_cached = seq_len
        t = torch.arange(self.max_seq_len_cached, device=device, dtype=torch.int64).type_as(self.inv_freq)
        t = t / self.scaling_factor

        freqs = torch.outer(t, self.inv_freq)
        # Different from paper, but it uses a different permutation in order to obtain the same calculation
        emb = torch.cat((freqs, freqs), dim=-1)
        self.register_buffer("cos_cached", emb.cos(), persistent=False)
        self.register_buffer("sin_cached", emb.sin(), persistent=False)


class GPTNeoXDynamicNTKScalingRotaryEmbedding(GPTNeoXRotaryEmbedding):
    """GPTNeoXRotaryEmbedding extended with Dynamic NTK scaling. Credits to the Reddit users /u/bloc97 and /u/emozilla"""

    # copied from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama.LlamaDynamicNTKScalingRotaryEmbedding.__init__
    # TODO @gante no longer copied from
    def __init__(self, dim, max_position_embeddings=2048, base=10000, device=None, scaling_factor=1.0):
        self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor
        super().__init__(dim, max_position_embeddings, base, device)

    def _set_cos_sin_cache(self, seq_len, device, dtype):
        self.max_seq_len_cached = seq_len

        if seq_len > self.max_position_embeddings:
            base = self.base * (
                (self.scaling_factor * seq_len / self.max_position_embeddings) - (self.scaling_factor - 1)
            ) ** (self.dim / (self.dim - 2))
            inv_freq = 1.0 / (base ** (torch.arange(0, self.dim, 2, dtype=torch.int64).float().to(device) / self.dim))
            self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq, persistent=False)

        t = torch.arange(self.max_seq_len_cached, device=device, dtype=torch.int64).type_as(self.inv_freq)

        freqs = torch.outer(t, self.inv_freq)
        # Different from paper, but it uses a different permutation in order to obtain the same calculation
        emb = torch.cat((freqs, freqs), dim=-1)
        self.register_buffer("cos_cached", emb.cos(), persistent=False)
        self.register_buffer("sin_cached", emb.sin(), persistent=False)


def rotate_half(x):
    """Rotates half the hidden dims of the input."""
    x1 = x[..., : x.shape[-1] // 2]
    x2 = x[..., x.shape[-1] // 2 :]
    return torch.cat((-x2, x1), dim=-1)


# Copied from transformers.models.mistral.modeling_mistral.apply_rotary_pos_emb
def apply_rotary_pos_emb(q, k, cos, sin, position_ids, unsqueeze_dim=1):
    """Applies Rotary Position Embedding to the query and key tensors.

    Args:
        q (`torch.Tensor`): The query tensor.
        k (`torch.Tensor`): The key tensor.
        cos (`torch.Tensor`): The cosine part of the rotary embedding.
        sin (`torch.Tensor`): The sine part of the rotary embedding.
        position_ids (`torch.Tensor`):
            The position indices of the tokens corresponding to the query and key tensors. For example, this can be
            used to pass offsetted position ids when working with a KV-cache.
        unsqueeze_dim (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 1):
            The 'unsqueeze_dim' argument specifies the dimension along which to unsqueeze cos[position_ids] and
            sin[position_ids] so that they can be properly broadcasted to the dimensions of q and k. For example, note
            that cos[position_ids] and sin[position_ids] have the shape [batch_size, seq_len, head_dim]. Then, if q and
            k have the shape [batch_size, heads, seq_len, head_dim], then setting unsqueeze_dim=1 makes
            cos[position_ids] and sin[position_ids] broadcastable to the shapes of q and k. Similarly, if q and k have
            the shape [batch_size, seq_len, heads, head_dim], then set unsqueeze_dim=2.
    Returns:
        `tuple(torch.Tensor)` comprising of the query and key tensors rotated using the Rotary Position Embedding.
    """
    cos = cos[position_ids].unsqueeze(unsqueeze_dim)
    sin = sin[position_ids].unsqueeze(unsqueeze_dim)
    q_embed = (q * cos) + (rotate_half(q) * sin)
    k_embed = (k * cos) + (rotate_half(k) * sin)
    return q_embed, k_embed


class GPTNeoXMLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.dense_h_to_4h = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.intermediate_size)
        self.dense_4h_to_h = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size)
        self.act = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act]

    def forward(self, hidden_states):
        hidden_states = self.dense_h_to_4h(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.act(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.dense_4h_to_h(hidden_states)
        return hidden_states


GPT_NEOX_ATTENTION_CLASSES = {
    "eager": GPTNeoXAttention,
    "flash_attention_2": GPTNeoXFlashAttention2,
}


class GPTNeoXLayer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.use_parallel_residual = config.use_parallel_residual
        self.input_layernorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
        self.post_attention_layernorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
        self.post_attention_dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout)
        self.post_mlp_dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout)
        self.attention = GPT_NEOX_ATTENTION_CLASSES[config._attn_implementation](config)
        self.mlp = GPTNeoXMLP(config)

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor],
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        use_cache: Optional[bool] = False,
        layer_past: Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False,
    ):
        attention_layer_outputs = self.attention(
            self.input_layernorm(hidden_states),
            attention_mask=attention_mask,
            position_ids=position_ids,
            layer_past=layer_past,
            head_mask=head_mask,
            use_cache=use_cache,
            output_attentions=output_attentions,
        )
        attn_output = attention_layer_outputs[0]  # output_attn: attn_output, present, (attn_weights)
        attn_output = self.post_attention_dropout(attn_output)
        outputs = attention_layer_outputs[1:]

        if self.use_parallel_residual:
            # pseudocode:
            # x = x + attn(ln1(x)) + mlp(ln2(x))
            mlp_output = self.mlp(self.post_attention_layernorm(hidden_states))
            mlp_output = self.post_mlp_dropout(mlp_output)
            hidden_states = mlp_output + attn_output + hidden_states
        else:
            # pseudocode:
            # x = x + attn(ln1(x))
            # x = x + mlp(ln2(x))
            attn_output = attn_output + hidden_states
            mlp_output = self.mlp(self.post_attention_layernorm(attn_output))
            mlp_output = self.post_mlp_dropout(mlp_output)
            hidden_states = mlp_output + attn_output

        if use_cache:
            outputs = (hidden_states,) + outputs  # hidden_states, present, (attn_weights)
        else:
            outputs = (hidden_states,) + outputs[1:]  # hidden_states, (attn_weights)

        return outputs


GPT_NEOX_START_DOCSTRING = r"""
    This model is a PyTorch [torch.nn.Module](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/nn.html#torch.nn.Module) sub-class. Use
    it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and
    behavior.

    Parameters:
        config ([`~GPTNeoXConfig`]): Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model.
            Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the
            configuration. Check out the [`~PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained`] method to load the model weights.
"""

GPT_NEOX_INPUTS_DOCSTRING = r"""
    Args:
        input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `({0})`):
            Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

            Indices can be obtained using [`AutoTokenizer`]. See [`PreTrainedTokenizer.encode`] and
            [`PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__`] for details.

            [What are input IDs?](../glossary#input-ids)
        attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `({0})`, *optional*):
            Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:

            - 1 for tokens that are **not masked**,
            - 0 for tokens that are **masked**.

            [What are attention masks?](../glossary#attention-mask)
        position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `({0})`, *optional*):
            Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0,
            config.n_positions - 1]`.

            [What are position IDs?](../glossary#position-ids)
        head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, *optional*):
            Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:

            - 1 indicates the head is **not masked**,
            - 0 indicates the head is **masked**.

        inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `({0}, hidden_size)`, *optional*):
            Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This
            is useful if you want more control over how to convert *input_ids* indices into associated vectors than the
            model's internal embedding lookup matrix.
        output_attentions (`bool`, *optional*):
            Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned
            tensors for more detail.
        output_hidden_states (`bool`, *optional*):
            Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for
            more detail.
        return_dict (`bool`, *optional*):
            Whether or not to return a [`~file_utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple.
"""


@add_start_docstrings(
    "The bare GPTNeoX Model transformer outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top.",
    GPT_NEOX_START_DOCSTRING,
)
class GPTNeoXModel(GPTNeoXPreTrainedModel):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config)
        self.config = config

        self.embed_in = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.hidden_size)
        self.emb_dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout)
        self.layers = nn.ModuleList([GPTNeoXLayer(config) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)])
        self.final_layer_norm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
        self._use_flash_attention_2 = config._attn_implementation == "flash_attention_2"

        self.gradient_checkpointing = False

        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
        self.post_init()

    def get_input_embeddings(self):
        return self.embed_in

    def set_input_embeddings(self, value):
        self.embed_in = value

    @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(GPT_NEOX_INPUTS_DOCSTRING.format("batch_size, sequence_length"))
    @add_code_sample_docstrings(
        checkpoint=_CHECKPOINT_FOR_DOC,
        real_checkpoint=_REAL_CHECKPOINT_FOR_DOC,
        output_type=BaseModelOutputWithPast,
        config_class=_CONFIG_FOR_DOC,
    )
    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        past_key_values: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]] = None,
        use_cache: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
    ) -> Union[Tuple, BaseModelOutputWithPast]:
        r"""
        past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))` of length `config.n_layers` with each tuple having 4 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length - 1, embed_size_per_head)`):
            Contains precomputed key and value hidden states of the attention blocks. Can be used to speed up decoding.
            If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that
            don't have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all
            `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.
        use_cache (`bool`, *optional*):
            If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see
            `past_key_values`).
        """
        output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions
        output_hidden_states = (
            output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states
        )
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict
        use_cache = use_cache if use_cache is not None else self.config.use_cache

        if input_ids is not None and inputs_embeds is not None:
            raise ValueError("You cannot specify both input_ids and inputs_embeds at the same time")
        elif input_ids is not None:
            self.warn_if_padding_and_no_attention_mask(input_ids, attention_mask)
            input_shape = input_ids.size()
        elif inputs_embeds is not None:
            input_shape = inputs_embeds.size()[:-1]
        else:
            raise ValueError("You have to specify either input_ids or inputs_embeds")

        batch_size, seq_length = input_shape

        if past_key_values is None:
            past_length = 0
            past_key_values = tuple([None] * self.config.num_hidden_layers)
        else:
            past_length = past_key_values[0][0].size(-2)

        if position_ids is None:
            device = input_ids.device if input_ids is not None else inputs_embeds.device
            position_ids = torch.arange(past_length, seq_length + past_length, dtype=torch.long, device=device)
            position_ids = position_ids.unsqueeze(0)

        # Attention mask.
        if attention_mask is not None:
            assert batch_size > 0, "batch_size has to be defined and > 0"
            attention_mask = attention_mask.view(batch_size, -1)
            if self._use_flash_attention_2:
                attention_mask = attention_mask if 0 in attention_mask else None
            else:
                # We create a 3D attention mask from a 2D tensor mask.
                # Sizes are [batch_size, 1, 1, to_seq_length]
                # So we can broadcast to [batch_size, num_heads, from_seq_length, to_seq_length]
                # this attention mask is more simple than the triangular masking of causal attention
                # used in OpenAI GPT, we just need to prepare the broadcast dimension here.
                attention_mask = attention_mask[:, None, None, :]

                # Since attention_mask is 1.0 for positions we want to attend and 0.0 for
                # masked positions, this operation will create a tensor which is 0.0 for
                # positions we want to attend and the dtype's smallest value for masked positions.
                # Since we are adding it to the raw scores before the softmax, this is
                # effectively the same as removing these entirely.
                attention_mask = attention_mask.to(dtype=self.dtype)  # fp16 compatibility
                attention_mask = (1.0 - attention_mask) * torch.finfo(self.dtype).min

        # Prepare head mask if needed
        # 1.0 in head_mask indicate we keep the head
        # attention_probs has shape bsz x n_heads x N x N
        # input head_mask has shape [num_heads] or [num_hidden_layers x num_heads]
        # and head_mask is converted to shape [num_hidden_layers x batch x num_heads x seq_length x seq_length]
        head_mask = self.get_head_mask(head_mask, self.config.num_hidden_layers)

        if inputs_embeds is None:
            inputs_embeds = self.embed_in(input_ids)

        hidden_states = self.emb_dropout(inputs_embeds)

        if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training:
            if use_cache:
                logger.warning(
                    "`use_cache=True` is incompatible with gradient checkpointing. Setting `use_cache=False`..."
                )
                use_cache = False

        presents = () if use_cache else None
        all_attentions = () if output_attentions else None
        all_hidden_states = () if output_hidden_states else None
        for i, (layer, layer_past) in enumerate(zip(self.layers, past_key_values)):
            if output_hidden_states:
                all_hidden_states = all_hidden_states + (hidden_states,)

            if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training:
                outputs = self._gradient_checkpointing_func(
                    layer.__call__,
                    hidden_states,
                    attention_mask,
                    position_ids,
                    head_mask[i],
                    use_cache,
                    None,
                    output_attentions,
                )
            else:
                outputs = layer(
                    hidden_states,
                    attention_mask=attention_mask,
                    position_ids=position_ids,
                    head_mask=head_mask[i],
                    layer_past=layer_past,
                    use_cache=use_cache,
                    output_attentions=output_attentions,
                )
            hidden_states = outputs[0]
            if use_cache is True:
                presents = presents + (outputs[1],)
            if output_attentions:
                all_attentions = all_attentions + (outputs[2 if use_cache else 1],)

        hidden_states = self.final_layer_norm(hidden_states)
        # Add last hidden state
        if output_hidden_states:
            all_hidden_states = all_hidden_states + (hidden_states,)

        if not return_dict:
            return tuple(v for v in [hidden_states, presents, all_hidden_states, all_attentions] if v is not None)

        return BaseModelOutputWithPast(
            last_hidden_state=hidden_states,
            past_key_values=presents,
            hidden_states=all_hidden_states,
            attentions=all_attentions,
        )


@add_start_docstrings(
    """GPTNeoX Model with a `language modeling` head on top for CLM fine-tuning.""", GPT_NEOX_START_DOCSTRING
)
class GPTNeoXForCausalLM(GPTNeoXPreTrainedModel):
    _tied_weights_keys = ["embed_out.weight"]

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config)

        self.gpt_neox = GPTNeoXModel(config)
        self.embed_out = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.vocab_size, bias=False)

        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
        self.post_init()

    def get_output_embeddings(self):
        return self.embed_out

    def set_output_embeddings(self, new_embeddings):
        self.embed_out = new_embeddings

    @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(GPT_NEOX_INPUTS_DOCSTRING.format("batch_size, sequence_length"))
    @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=CausalLMOutputWithPast, config_class=_CONFIG_FOR_DOC)
    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        past_key_values: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]] = None,
        labels: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        use_cache: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
    ) -> Union[Tuple, CausalLMOutputWithPast]:
        r"""
        past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, *optional*, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`):
            Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape
            `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and 2 additional tensors of shape
            `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`. The two additional tensors are
            only required when the model is used as a decoder in a Sequence to Sequence model.

            Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks that can be used (see
            `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

            If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that
            don't have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all
            `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.
        labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*):
            Labels for computing the left-to-right language modeling loss (next word prediction). Indices should be in
            `[-100, 0, ..., config.vocab_size]` (see `input_ids` docstring) Tokens with indices set to `-100` are
            ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels n `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]`.
        use_cache (`bool`, *optional*):
            If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see
            `past_key_values`).

        Returns:

        Example:

        ```python
        >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, GPTNeoXForCausalLM, GPTNeoXConfig
        >>> import torch

        >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b")
        >>> config = GPTNeoXConfig.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b")
        >>> config.is_decoder = True
        >>> model = GPTNeoXForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b", config=config)

        >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
        >>> outputs = model(**inputs)

        >>> prediction_logits = outputs.logits
        ```"""
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        outputs = self.gpt_neox(
            input_ids,
            attention_mask=attention_mask,
            position_ids=position_ids,
            head_mask=head_mask,
            inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
            past_key_values=past_key_values,
            use_cache=use_cache,
            output_attentions=output_attentions,
            output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states,
            return_dict=return_dict,
        )

        hidden_states = outputs[0]
        lm_logits = self.embed_out(hidden_states)

        lm_loss = None
        if labels is not None:
            # move labels to correct device to enable model parallelism
            labels = labels.to(lm_logits.device)
            # we are doing next-token prediction; shift prediction scores and input ids by one
            shift_logits = lm_logits[:, :-1, :].contiguous()
            labels = labels[:, 1:].contiguous()
            loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss()
            lm_loss = loss_fct(shift_logits.view(-1, shift_logits.size(-1)), labels.view(-1))

        if not return_dict:
            output = (lm_logits,) + outputs[1:]
            return ((lm_loss,) + output) if lm_loss is not None else output

        return CausalLMOutputWithPast(
            loss=lm_loss,
            logits=lm_logits,
            past_key_values=outputs.past_key_values,
            hidden_states=outputs.hidden_states,
            attentions=outputs.attentions,
        )

    def prepare_inputs_for_generation(
        self, input_ids, past_key_values=None, attention_mask=None, inputs_embeds=None, **kwargs
    ):
        input_shape = input_ids.shape
        # cut decoder_input_ids if past is used
        if past_key_values is not None:
            past_length = past_key_values[0][0].shape[2]

            # Some generation methods already pass only the last input ID
            if input_ids.shape[1] > past_length:
                remove_prefix_length = past_length
            else:
                # Default to old behavior: keep only final ID
                remove_prefix_length = input_ids.shape[1] - 1

            input_ids = input_ids[:, remove_prefix_length:]

        position_ids = kwargs.get("position_ids", None)
        if attention_mask is not None and position_ids is None:
            # create position_ids on the fly for batch generation
            position_ids = attention_mask.long().cumsum(-1) - 1
            position_ids.masked_fill_(attention_mask == 0, 1)
            if past_key_values:
                position_ids = position_ids[:, -input_ids.shape[1] :]

        # if model is used as a decoder in encoder-decoder model, the decoder attention mask is created on the fly
        if attention_mask is None:
            attention_mask = input_ids.new_ones(input_shape)

        # if `inputs_embeds` are passed, we only want to use them in the 1st generation step
        if inputs_embeds is not None and past_key_values is None:
            model_inputs = {"inputs_embeds": inputs_embeds}
        else:
            model_inputs = {"input_ids": input_ids}
        model_inputs.update(
            {
                "attention_mask": attention_mask,
                "past_key_values": past_key_values,
                "position_ids": position_ids,
                "use_cache": kwargs.get("use_cache"),
            }
        )

        return model_inputs

    def _reorder_cache(self, past_key_values, beam_idx):
        reordered_past = ()
        for layer_past in past_key_values:
            reordered_past += (
                tuple(past_state.index_select(0, beam_idx.to(past_state.device)) for past_state in layer_past[:2])
                + layer_past[2:],
            )
        return reordered_past


@add_start_docstrings(
    """
    The GPTNeoX Model transformer with a sequence classification head on top (linear layer).

    [`GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification`] uses the last token in order to do the classification, as other causal models
    (e.g. GPT-1) do.

    Since it does classification on the last token, it requires to know the position of the last token. If a
    `pad_token_id` is defined in the configuration, it finds the last token that is not a padding token in each row. If
    no `pad_token_id` is defined, it simply takes the last value in each row of the batch. Since it cannot guess the
    padding tokens when `inputs_embeds` are passed instead of `input_ids`, it does the same (take the last value in
    each row of the batch).
    """,
    GPT_NEOX_START_DOCSTRING,
)
class GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification(GPTNeoXPreTrainedModel):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config)
        self.num_labels = config.num_labels
        self.gpt_neox = GPTNeoXModel(config)
        self.score = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.num_labels, bias=False)

        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
        self.post_init()

    @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(GPT_NEOX_INPUTS_DOCSTRING)
    @add_code_sample_docstrings(
        checkpoint=_CHECKPOINT_FOR_DOC,
        output_type=SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast,
        config_class=_CONFIG_FOR_DOC,
    )
    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        past_key_values: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]] = None,
        labels: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        use_cache: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
    ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast]:
        r"""
        labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
            Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in `[0, ...,
            config.num_labels - 1]`. If `config.num_labels == 1` a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If
            `config.num_labels > 1` a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).
        """
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        outputs = self.gpt_neox(
            input_ids,
            attention_mask=attention_mask,
            position_ids=position_ids,
            head_mask=head_mask,
            inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
            past_key_values=past_key_values,
            use_cache=use_cache,
            output_attentions=output_attentions,
            output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states,
            return_dict=return_dict,
        )
        hidden_states = outputs[0]
        logits = self.score(hidden_states)

        if input_ids is not None:
            batch_size, sequence_length = input_ids.shape[:2]
        else:
            batch_size, sequence_length = inputs_embeds.shape[:2]

        if self.config.pad_token_id is None and batch_size != 1:
            raise ValueError("Cannot handle batch sizes > 1 if no padding token is defined.")
        if self.config.pad_token_id is None:
            sequence_lengths = -1
        else:
            if input_ids is not None:
                # if no pad token found, use modulo instead of reverse indexing for ONNX compatibility
                sequence_lengths = torch.eq(input_ids, self.config.pad_token_id).int().argmax(-1) - 1
                sequence_lengths = sequence_lengths % input_ids.shape[-1]
                sequence_lengths = sequence_lengths.to(logits.device)
            else:
                sequence_lengths = -1
                logger.warning(
                    f"{self.__class__.__name__} will not detect padding tokens in `inputs_embeds`. Results may be "
                    "unexpected if using padding tokens in conjunction with `inputs_embeds.`"
                )

        pooled_logits = logits[torch.arange(batch_size, device=logits.device), sequence_lengths]

        loss = None
        if labels is not None:
            labels = labels.to(logits.device)
            if self.config.problem_type is None:
                if self.num_labels == 1:
                    self.config.problem_type = "regression"
                elif self.num_labels > 1 and (labels.dtype == torch.long or labels.dtype == torch.int):
                    self.config.problem_type = "single_label_classification"
                else:
                    self.config.problem_type = "multi_label_classification"

            if self.config.problem_type == "regression":
                loss_fct = MSELoss()
                if self.num_labels == 1:
                    loss = loss_fct(pooled_logits.squeeze(), labels.squeeze())
                else:
                    loss = loss_fct(pooled_logits, labels)
            elif self.config.problem_type == "single_label_classification":
                loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss()
                loss = loss_fct(pooled_logits.view(-1, self.num_labels), labels.view(-1))
            elif self.config.problem_type == "multi_label_classification":
                loss_fct = BCEWithLogitsLoss()
                loss = loss_fct(pooled_logits, labels)
        if not return_dict:
            output = (pooled_logits,) + outputs[1:]
            return ((loss,) + output) if loss is not None else output

        return SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast(
            loss=loss,
            logits=pooled_logits,
            past_key_values=outputs.past_key_values,
            hidden_states=outputs.hidden_states,
            attentions=outputs.attentions,
        )


class GPTNeoXForTokenClassification(GPTNeoXPreTrainedModel):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config)
        self.num_labels = config.num_labels

        self.gpt_neox = GPTNeoXModel(config)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.classifier_dropout)
        self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.num_labels)

        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
        self.post_init()

    @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(GPT_NEOX_INPUTS_DOCSTRING)
    @add_code_sample_docstrings(
        checkpoint="LarsJonasson/pythia-410m-deduped-sft-swedish",
        output_type=TokenClassifierOutput,
        config_class=_CONFIG_FOR_DOC,
        expected_loss=0.25,
    )
    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        past_key_values: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        token_type_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        labels: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        use_cache: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
    ) -> Union[Tuple, TokenClassifierOutput]:
        r"""
        labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*):
            Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in `[0, ...,
            config.num_labels - 1]`. If `config.num_labels == 1` a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If
            `config.num_labels > 1` a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).
        """
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        outputs = self.gpt_neox(
            input_ids,
            past_key_values=past_key_values,
            attention_mask=attention_mask,
            position_ids=position_ids,
            head_mask=head_mask,
            inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
            use_cache=use_cache,
            output_attentions=output_attentions,
            output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states,
            return_dict=return_dict,
        )

        hidden_states = outputs[0]
        hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states)
        logits = self.classifier(hidden_states)

        loss = None
        if labels is not None:
            labels = labels.to(logits.device)
            loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss()
            loss = loss_fct(logits.view(-1, self.num_labels), labels.view(-1))

        if not return_dict:
            output = (logits,) + outputs[2:]
            return ((loss,) + output) if loss is not None else output

        return TokenClassifierOutput(
            loss=loss,
            logits=logits,
            hidden_states=outputs.hidden_states,
            attentions=outputs.attentions,
        )


@add_start_docstrings(
    """
    The GPT-NeoX Model transformer with a span classification head on top for extractive question-answering tasks like
    SQuAD (a linear layer on top of the hidden-states output to compute `span start logits` and `span end logits`).
    """,
    GPT_NEOX_START_DOCSTRING,
)
class GPTNeoXForQuestionAnswering(GPTNeoXPreTrainedModel):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config)
        self.num_labels = config.num_labels
        self.gpt_neox = GPTNeoXModel(config)
        self.qa_outputs = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2)

        # Initialize weights and apply final processing
        self.post_init()

    @add_start_docstrings_to_model_forward(GPT_NEOX_INPUTS_DOCSTRING.format("batch_size, sequence_length"))
    @add_code_sample_docstrings(
        checkpoint=_CHECKPOINT_FOR_DOC,
        output_type=QuestionAnsweringModelOutput,
        config_class=_CONFIG_FOR_DOC,
        real_checkpoint=_REAL_CHECKPOINT_FOR_DOC,
    )
    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        token_type_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        start_positions: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        end_positions: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
    ) -> Union[Tuple, QuestionAnsweringModelOutput]:
        r"""
        start_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
            Labels for position (index) of the start of the labelled span for computing the token classification loss.
            Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence (`sequence_length`). Position outside of the sequence
            are not taken into account for computing the loss.
        end_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
            Labels for position (index) of the end of the labelled span for computing the token classification loss.
            Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence (`sequence_length`). Position outside of the sequence
            are not taken into account for computing the loss.
        """
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        outputs = self.gpt_neox(
            input_ids,
            attention_mask=attention_mask,
            position_ids=position_ids,
            head_mask=head_mask,
            inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
            output_attentions=output_attentions,
            output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states,
            return_dict=return_dict,
        )

        sequence_output = outputs[0]

        logits = self.qa_outputs(sequence_output)
        start_logits, end_logits = logits.split(1, dim=-1)
        start_logits = start_logits.squeeze(-1).contiguous()
        end_logits = end_logits.squeeze(-1).contiguous()

        total_loss = None
        if start_positions is not None and end_positions is not None:
            # If we are on multi-GPU, split add a dimension
            if len(start_positions.size()) > 1:
                start_positions = start_positions.squeeze(-1).to(start_logits.device)
            if len(end_positions.size()) > 1:
                end_positions = end_positions.squeeze(-1).to(end_logits.device)
            # sometimes the start/end positions are outside our model inputs, we ignore these terms
            ignored_index = start_logits.size(1)
            start_positions = start_positions.clamp(0, ignored_index)
            end_positions = end_positions.clamp(0, ignored_index)

            loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss(ignore_index=ignored_index)
            start_loss = loss_fct(start_logits, start_positions)
            end_loss = loss_fct(end_logits, end_positions)
            total_loss = (start_loss + end_loss) / 2

        if not return_dict:
            output = (start_logits, end_logits) + outputs[2:]
            return ((total_loss,) + output) if total_loss is not None else output

        return QuestionAnsweringModelOutput(
            loss=total_loss,
            start_logits=start_logits,
            end_logits=end_logits,
            hidden_states=outputs.hidden_states,
            attentions=outputs.attentions,
        )
